English Language Practice Phrases for Bedtime and Morning

Knowing how to say good night and good morning is important for every English learner. Before going to bed and after waking up in the morning, its common to make  small talk  about sleeping. Here are the most common phrases used. Going to Bed In English, there are a variety of expressions to use when talking to someone before going to bed. Many involve wishing the other person a night of peaceful sleep and pleasant dreams: Good night.Sleep well.Have a good nights sleep.Make sure you  get a good nights sleep.I hope you sleep well.See you in the morning.Sweet dreams.Sleep tight!Night, night. Other expressions are more insistent, including those a parent might use to tell a restless child its time to go to sleep: Lights out!Time for bed! Example Dialogues Kevin: Good night.Alice: See you in the morning.Kevin: I hope you sleep well.Alice: Thank you. Make sure you get a good nights sleep as well.Kevin:  Get some good sleep. We have a big day tomorrow.Alice:  Okay, you too.Kevin:  Lights out!Alice:  Okay, Im going to sleep. Night, night.Kevin:  Im heading up to bed now.Alice:  Sleep tight! Waking Up The moment after waking up in the morning is another time when people make small talk. They often ask each other how they slept and how theyre feeling. Good morning.I hope you had a good nights sleep.I hope you got some good rest.Did you sleep well?Did you get  a good nights sleep?I slept well, how about you?How did you sleep?Did you have any dreams?Rise and shine. Example Dialogues Kevin: Good morning.Alice: Good morning. Did you sleep well?Kevin: I hope you had a good nights sleep.Alice: Yes, thank you,  I did. And you?Kevin:  Good morning, honey. I hope you got some good rest.Alice:  I did. How did you sleep?Kevin:  Good morning. Did you have any dreams?Alice:  I did. I had a strange dream and you were in it!Kevin:  Good morning.Alice:  Im still sleepy. I think Ill hit the snooze for ten minutes.Kevin: We dont want to miss our appointment, though.Alice:  Oh, I forgot about that.Kevin: Rise and shine. Other Common Sleeping and Waking Expressions English is filled with idioms related to sleeping and waking up. Learning some of these expressions will be especially helpful to English learners: Night owl: a person who likes to stay up lateEarly bird: a person who usually wakes up earlyTossing and turning: being restless and unable to sleep, usually after lying in bed for a long period of timeTo tuck someone in: to put someone to bed, usually by pulling the covers up over them so that they are warm and snugTo sleep like a baby: to sleep restfully, without any disturbancesTo hit the hay: to go to bedTo catch some Zs: to go to bedTo wake up on the wrong side of the bed: to be in a bad mood Example Dialogues Kevin:  I dont usually go to bed until 2 a.m.Alice:  You really are a night owl.Kevin:  Did you sleep well?Alice:  No, I was tossing and turning all night.Kevin:  Youre in a grumpy mood today.Alice:  I guess I woke up on the wrong side of the bed.Kevin:  I feel great this morning.Alice:  Me too. I slept like a baby.Kevin:  I feel exhausted after that long hike.Alice:  Yeah, you look pretty tired. Time to hit the hay.

William Shakespeares Hamlet - 1284 Words

Seeking revenge can cause a person to turn insane and blindly seek retaliation. Shakespeare’s Hamlet contemplates revenge throughout the story. Madness and revenge are similar themes in the movie, The Lion King, where the main character, Simba, is faced with the death of his father, leading him to do whatever it takes to seek revenge. This is where madness usually is introduced as a problem within a character, and this problem leads to the character doing things that they don’t usually do, sometimes dangerous things. The fathers of both Hamlet and Simba die, and the only one to blame is someone trusted amongst them. They seek revenge for their father’s unjust deaths. Betrayal, love and loss drive both characters to seek revenge. The death of their fathers leads them to go mad, and this mental state leads to them questioning the motives of close people in their lives. As both stories deal with loss, betrayal and anger, one can easily notice how these stori es share a light and dark side. There’s tragedy in the lives of everyone, even people of high status and royalty. Grief and tragedy can cause even a king to go mad and fill their heart with sadness and anger. There is a dark side within the families of Hamlet and Simba. Hamlet’s father is the king. However, the dark theme is portrayed through his brother, Claudius. Claudius shows his darkness through committing one of the worst crimes, murder. Not only that, but he kills his own brother so he can becomeShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudiuss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1482 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |   9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.

Nursing Reflection Simultaneous Thrombolysis and Venous Angioplasty

Question: Discuss about thrNursing Reflection for Simultaneous Thrombolysis and Venous Angioplasty. Answer: Bright is a patient who is receiving post-angioplasty care. During his post operative care, the patient should be adequately monitored and provided with all the necessary support that he deserves. When attending to him, I had to do my best to ensure that he manages his condition well. In this section, I would like to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of the assessment that was done on the patient. The patient was provided with appropriate post angioplasty care that would enable him to manage his conditions. Just like any other patient, Bright was observed to be experiencing post angioplasty complications including bleeding and haematoma formation-related chest pain. According to the research conducted by Arokiaraj, Guerrero, Levine Palacios (2013), the patient was to be given a good care commensurate with the condition. Post angioplasty care was to be effectively delivered because it was necessary for improving the condition of the patient. So, to achieve this, we had to be actively involved in assessing the patient to determine the condition and identify the most appropriate intervention to provide (Chai-Adisaksopha, Crowther, Isayama Lim, 2014). During the assessment exercises, I managed to successfully monitor the patients vital signs. I had to apply all the principles, policies, and guidelines governing postoperative care to help me in the monitoring of the patients vital signs. This was a commendable thing to do because all post angioplasty patients have certain signs that should be taken so seriously. It is at this stage that the patient can experience challenges like bleeding (Chai-Adisaksopha, Crowther, Isayama Lim, 2014). Therefore, all the vital signs must be rigorously monitored, observed and recorded throughout. I successfully did this because I knew the reason why it had to be done. At the same time, I managed to successfully check the patients sight and managed his IVT and infusion because it was one of the activities that I was supposed to carry out. If I had failed to do so, I would not have managed to display my competence as a postoperative nurse. The other thing that was rightfully done during the assessment process is a strict compliance with the PQRST process of patient assessment. Here, I had to assess the patients pain by considering the Provokes (causes of the pain); Quality (the sharpness, burning, dullness or crushing of the pain); Radiates (localization and radiation of the pain); Severity (the 1-10 scale for the severity of the pain); and Time (the beginning, and duration of the pain). The application of the PQRST method was good because it enabled me to assess and be acquainted with finer details of the pain. In fact, I had to dig deeper into the historical background to determine exactly when the pain began, its severity, and the entire duration it has taken. Last, but not least, I did an excellent job by adopting a multidisciplinary approach during my assessment. As a professional, I believe in the power of teamwork. I am a team player who always works alongside other experts. Therefore, when attending to the patient, I had no choice rather than cooperating with all my colleagues because they would help me in many ways. I fostered a good working relationship with the RN, surgeon, pharmacist, and the physician because I knew that they would enable me to carry out a successful assessment on the patient (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). The perfect way in which I did I collaborated with my colleagues enabled me to achieve my goals. However, during the assessment, there are certain things that were not properly done. In the first place, I failed to provide the patient with a pain relief. This was a big mistake because it prevented me from discharging my roles as expected. As the responsible nurse, I was supposed to closely monitor the patient and give him the necessary pain reliefs before the arrival of the physician. It was a necessary thing to do because it would enable me to slow down or reduce the severity of the pain experienced by the patient. This shows that I was almost behaving like an irresponsible practitioner who did not take the necessary measures to address the pains that the patient was going through as I was waiting for the doctor to come and attend to him. The other thing that I did not do well during the assessment is failure to check the patients ABCD. Because I was in charge of the patient, I was supposed to be responsible for regularly checking the patient to ascertain his A.B.C.D. However, failing to do so was my undoing because t portrayed me as an irresponsible nurse. Moreover, I failed to monitor the patients BGL and chest. Finally, I failed to call the physician to attend to the patient before I left the facility. I later realized that this was a big mistake because I was not supposed to leave the hospital without calling the doctor. However, I failed to do so because I was not aware of the finer details of the hospital such as the ward name, doctors office, and the exact location in which he was at the time. I was also unable to contact him because I did not have his telephone number. Clinical handover is one of the most essential activities that should be carried out by the healthcare providers. A patient can be transferred from one practitioner to the other either temporarily at the end of the shift or permanently. When attending to Bright, I had to handover the patient to another practitioner to continue with his care. I had to do so because it is a mandatory requirement in the organization (Lowe, Plummer Boyd, 2013). During the handover, I had to ensure that I comply with all the regulations. It would enable me to effectively transfer all the responsibilities to the new practitioner who would be responsible for caring for the patient. I carried out the handover process by applying the principles of the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards for Clinical Handover. Among the most memorable steps I took during the handover is to transfer the patients health information to the new practitioner. Here, I had an obligation to update all the records pertaining to the patients condition, history, medication, progress, severity of the pain, and vital signs and hand them over to my colleague who was to take over from me (Curzen, et al., 2014). I know that the communication of the patients data is an important thing to do in nursing care. Therefore, to effectively do this, I had no choice rather than applying ISBAR (Identify, Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation) as the standard format. Identification was to be the initial process in the compilation of information. The documents had to be identified to determine if they are accurate and truly represent the patient. Accuracy is a very important aspect of documentation that should be considered during handover. The use of accurate data can help in improving the safety of the patient. This is why I had to apply the format and insist on including the identification aspect of it. Situation is the second consideration that was made when preparing the patients records that were to be handed over to a new practitioner. Here, I had to take all the necessary measures to ensure that I capture the condition of the patient. It is necessary for the new practitioner to be acquainted with all the information regarding the current condition of the patient. When admitted into the facility, the patient was having certain conditions that kept on changing from time to time depending on the kind of care provided (Fairman, Rowe, Hassmiller Shalala, 2011). Therefore, before transferring my responsibility to a new practitioner, I cannot hesitate to provide detailed information on the patients situation. Assessment also has to be included in the handover because the new practitioner needs to know everything about the kind of assessment that was done on the patient. During the shift, the patient had to be rigorously assessed to determine his condition. Assessment is one of the major activities done during postoperative care. After his operation, Bright was subjected to a serious assessment process in which his condition was keenly examined to ascertain, among other things, his vital signs. All the information recorded during assessment should be properly documented and handed over to the new practitioner who will rely on it to continue caring for the patient. The data handed over to the patient has to contain the recommendations made when serving the patient. Before the end of my shift, I had to give recommendations to the new practitioner. All these information should be included in the handover documents and made available to the new practitioner to use. The inclusion of the recommendations on the handover notes is appropriate because it can enable the new practitioner to be equipped with the necessary information to rely upon when prioritizing the needs of the patient (Lowe, Plummer Boyd, 2013). The transfer of responsibility does not imply the end of service delivery, but merely transfer responsibility from one practitioner to the other who should be given authority to continue serving the patient. In conclusion, the transfer of documentation during the handover process should be done in compliance with the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards for Clinical Handover. If the ISBAR is properly utilized, it can be much better because the handover process can be done smoothly. I had to do all these because they are necessary for me to use when handing over the responsibility to a new practitioner. It enabled me to carry out an effective handover that guaranteed the patient a safe and quality care. References Arokiaraj, M., Guerrero, L., Levine, R. Palacios, I., (2013). Simultaneous Thrombolysis and Venous Angioplasty in Acute Ilio-femoral Thrombosis after IVC filter Insertion and Novel Balloon Catheter Models. J Clin Exp Cardiolog, 4(240), p.2. Chai-Adisaksopha, C., Crowther, M., Isayama, T. Lim, W., (2014). The impact of bleeding complications in patients receiving target-specific oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood, 124(15), pp.2450-2458. Curzen, N., et al., (2014). Does Routine Pressure Wire Assessment Influence Management Strategy at Coronary Angiography for Diagnosis of Chest Pain?. Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions, 7(2), 248-255. Fairman, J. A., Rowe, J. W., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D. E. (2011). Broadening the scope of nursing practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3), 193-196. Lowe, G., Plummer, V., Boyd, L. (2013). Nurse practitioner roles in Australian healthcare settings: Grainne Lowe and colleagues report on a study to explore how clinicians, managers and policymakers perceive nurse practitioner roles and to elicit their views on barriers to their introduction. Nursing Management, 20(2), 28-35.

Why Did British Men Enlist in the British Army in 1914 Essay Example

Why Did British Men Enlist in the British Army in 1914 Essay On the outbreak of war in August 1914, it was clear that more soldiers were needed. On 7th August, Lord Kitchener began a recruiting campaign calling for volunteers aged 19-30 to join up. At first this was very successful with an average of 33,000 joining every day. Three weeks later Kitchener raised the recruiting age to 35 and by the middle of September over 500,000 had volunteered. Men signed, for a number of reasons. This included patriotism, guilt, money and even adventure. Many had never been abroad, and used the war as an excuse to travel and have some fun. One reason why the men signed up was because many thought it would be an easy ride, and joined to see the world, and have an adventure. They used mothers and girlfriends to persuade the men to join, by using the White Feather modus operandi and the Mothers Union, even issuing posters stating Is your best boy wearing khaki, the poster stated that if he was not wearing it, he does not want to protect the country or you, that suggested they werent would not be worthy of their girlfriends, encouraging girlfriends to force their best boys to join the army. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did British Men Enlist in the British Army in 1914 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did British Men Enlist in the British Army in 1914 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did British Men Enlist in the British Army in 1914 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This made the men feel guilty, and as a result they signed up to fight. The Mothers Union produced posters to persuade their sons to join. On his return, hearts would beat high with thankfulness and pride. The mothers urged their sons to join to also hold a sense of pride that their sons were fighting for Great Britain, instead of staying at home. In August 1914, Admiral Charles Fitzgerald founded the Order of the White Feather. With the support of leading writers, the organisation encouraged women to give out white feathers to young men who had not joined the British Army. One woman remembered her father, Robert Smith, being given a feather: That night he came home and cried his heart out. My father was no coward, but had been reluctant to leave his family. He was thirty-four and my mother, who had two young children, had been suffering from a serious illness. Soon after this incident my father joined the army. The idea was to make the people who received the feathers unpatriotic and this caused them to feel guilty and in some cases leave there family straight away and go to join the forces. Though eventually this was frowned upon as harassment by the police and it led to those being caught handing out these feathers to be prosecuted. At the beginning of the war the army had strict specifications about who could become soldiers. Men joining the army had to be 5ft 6in tall and a chest measurement of 35 inches. By May 1915 soldiers only had to be 5ft 3in and the age limit was raised to 40. In July the army agreed to the formation of Bantam battalions, composed of men between 5ft and 5ft 3in in height. This was a reason why men who fell under the height restrictions at first were able to join, they may have wanted to join but could not, but with the restrictions being lowered it would have encouraged them to join up. In August 1914, the British government discovered that Germany had a propaganda agency. So David Lloyd George (Chancellor of the Exchequer) was given the task of setting up the British War Propaganda Bureau (WPB). Many were convinced that the war was going to be an easy ride. Many signed up because they thought it would be over by Christmas, as Britain was a powerful country. In Goodbye to all by Robert Graves explains the papers predicted a very short war over by Christmas at outside. Another example of a person who thought the war would be over quickly was Private Godfrey Buxton, Royal Army Medical Corps he said in his article Id had one year at Cambridge and then volunteered for the army. We were quite clear that the Germany would be defeated by the 7th of October when we would go back to Cambridge. Patriotism was one of the main influences as to why men signed up in 1914. The government used military marching bands and flags to engage the public, and to attract them to the war. George Coppard joined the Royal West Surrey Regiment at the age of sixteen, on 27th August, 1914. Military bands blared out their martial music in the main streets of Croydon. This created a sense of pride in young men. This was too much for me to resist and as if drawn by a magnet. I knew I had to enlist straight away. Young men were particularly inspired by the Union Jack flag, and the military uniforms. A propaganda poster showing patriotism is the Enlist Now poster. The poster shows a soldier pointing to a picture of the English countryside. The line reads: Isnt this worth fighting for? The poster is asking the reader to sign up to protect the beautiful countryside. Many more men were influenced because they saw others signing up in large numbers. Lionel Ferguson joined the British army in Liverpool: What sights I saw on my way up to Frazer Street: a queue of men over two miles long in the Haymarket. As men joined up in their thousands, men who didnt could have been influenced by a sense of guilt. However, younger men signed up with their friends from their village, often known as Pals battalions, for example Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby, organized a battalion in Liverpool. Within two days, fifteen hundred men from Liverpool had signed up. Speaking at a rally in August 1914, Lord Derby said, This should be a battalion of pals, a battalion in which friends from the same office will fight shoulder to shoulder for the honour of Britain and the credit of Liverpool. Within the next few days three more battalions were raised in Liverpool. This showed that the Pals battalion idea was a good idea to help raise patriotic beliefs. The men who joined up had similar backgrounds and occupations, they may have been a battalion who consisted of mainly contractors, a famous battalion that was constructed was the Scottish battalion from Liverpool, and these men were all Scottish and wore kilts in battle. Men also may have signed up for the money, they were paid A kings shilling, a shilling and sixpence a day, encouraging men to join because their wives also received money and extra depending on how many children they had, this was a benefit for fighting, but if you died in battle without insurance and benefits, that is why the pay was so high, but some people desperate for the money would have ignored that thinking again the war would end quickly and that they were impervious to harm because they were over confident this is shown in a source where women who had more children received up to 10 shillings extra per a week. More importantly, men were encouraged to sign up, because of the brutal devastation that Germany caused in Belgium. This was known as the Rape of Belgium, a series of tragic supposed to have occurred events that circulated as a rumour around Britain. Men felt they needed to avenge the deaths of innocent Belgian people, looking for revenge. In the book, Memoirs of an infantry Officer, Lt. S. Sassoon wrote that the newspapers informed us that German soldiers crucified Belgium babies. Stories of that kind werent taken for granted; to have disbelieved them would have been unpatriotic. After the news broke out, propaganda posters drew Germans as Huns, or gorillas. They were shown as savages, inhuman and immoral. This sparked further controversy, and as a result, men signed up in their thousands. There were also posters published depicting the A depiction of a German soldier standing on the body of a dead woman and about to step onto a baby. Gott mit uns [God is with us] is written on his chest belt. More bodies lie on the ground in front of burning buildings. A vulture flies above in an orange sky. This image would have persuaded people to join the forces because it was a depiction of injustice and if you had justice in you, you would join to prevent the Germans from massacring Belgium even more. Though this image may not have been true and just propaganda to encourage people to join, without televisions there was no real proof of these events except word of mouth and rumours. Young men were not always patriotic. Some even joined because they felt guilty. Propaganda posters often portrayed the idea of guilt. Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War? , is an example of making soldiers feeling guilty, as they had feelings of fear and embarrassment holding them back from participating in the war. The poster shows two children asking their father, who is sitting on a chair, if he had taken part in the war. This implies that the children look up to the father. The father has a look of guilt in his eyes, and viewers, especially young men, would not want this to happen to them. As a result, men joined the army in large numbers. Also like the White Feather method people also sent abusive letters to people who had not joined the army.. A taunting letter forwarded to a railway porter who had not yet enlisted It reads: Dear Mr. E. A. Brookes seeing that you cannot be a man not to Join the army. We offer you an invitation to join our Girl Scouts as washer up, .. Scout mistress Bath Girl Scouts. The objective of all this pressure was to push the people receiving the intimidation to feel guilty and join up right away; these men were probably less patriotic if patriotic at all because they refused to help the country. It is clear there are many reasons why the British forces needed more men, but through unforeseen circumstances the British underestimated the German forces. The reasons why the British men joined the army included: patriotism, adventure, guilt, more money, peer pressure and many more.

Definition and Examples of Slang in English

Definition and Examples of Slang in English Slang is an informal nonstandard variety of speech characterized by newly coined and rapidly changing words and phrases. In his book Slang: The Peoples Poetry (OUP, 2009), Michael Adams argues that slang is not merely a lexical phenomenon, a type of word, but a linguistic practice rooted in social needs and behaviors, mostly the complementary needs to fit in and to stand out. The Characteristics of Slang   The most significant characteristic of slang overlaps with a defining characteristic of jargon: slang is a marker of in-group solidarity, and so it is a correlate of human groups with shared experiences, such as being children at a certain school or of a certain age, or being a member of a certain socially definable group, such as hookers, junkies, jazz musicians, or professional criminals. (Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Forbidden Words. Cambridge University Press, 2006) The Language of Outsiders   Slang serves the outs as a weapon against the ins. To use slang is to deny allegiance to the existing order, either jokingly or in earnest, by refusing even the words which represent conventions and signal status; and those who are paid to preserve the status quo are prompted to repress slang as they are prompted to repress any other symbol of potential revolution. (James Sledd, On Not Teaching English Usage. The English Journal, November 1965)  The downtrodden are the great creators of slang. . . . Slang is . . . a pile of fossilized jokes and puns and ironies, tinselly gems dulled eventually by overmuch handling, but gleaming still when held up to the light. (Anthony Burgess, A Mouthful of Air, 1992) Standing Out and Fitting In   It is not clear to what extent the slang impulse to enliven speech, the impulse to stand out, mingles with the slang impulse toward social intimacy, the impulse to fit in. At times they seem like oil and water, but at others the social and poetic motivations emulsify into one linguistic practice. . . .  All of us, young and old, black and white, urban and suburban have slang, and, with your eyes closed, we can tell black guys chillaxin with their buddies from young soccer moms dishing out about the latest issue of Jane*. We share more slang than separates us, but what separates us tells us and others where we fit in, or perhaps, where we hope to fit in, and where we dont. . . . As a social marker, though, slang works: you know that youre among the old, tired, gray, and hopeless, rather than hip, vivid, playful, and rebellious, if only in spirit, when you hear no slang. Slang is a tell even in its absence. (Michael Adams, Slang: The Peoples Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2009)   Your mother reads and reads and reads, she wants English, as much as she can get her hands on . . .. Id come late Friday afternoon, it used to be that I would go home with a magazine or two and maybe a paper, but she wanted more, more slang, more figures of speech, the bees knees, the cats pajamas, horse of a different color, dog-tired, she wanted to talk like she was born here, like she never came from anywhere else . . .. (Jonathan Safran Foer, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. Houghton Mifflin, 2005) Modern Slang in London   I love modern  slang. Its as colorful, clever, and disguised from outsiders as slang ever was and is supposed to be. Take bare, for example, one of a number of slang terms recently banned by a London school. It means a lot of, as in theres bare people here, and is the classic concealing reversal of the accepted meaning that you also find in wicked, bad and cool. Victorian criminals did essentially the same with back slang, reversing words so that boy became yob and so on.  The other banned words are equally interesting. Extra, for example, mischievously stresses the superfluous in its conventional definition, as in reading the whole book is extra, innit? And that much-disapproved innit? is in fact the nest-ce pas? English has needed since the Normans forgot to bring it with them.  And who would not admire rinsed for something worn out or overusedchirpsing for flirting, bennin for doubled-up with laughter, or wi-five for an electronically delivered high-five? My bad, being n ew, sounds more sincere than old, tired, Im sorry (Sos never quite cut it).   Mouse potato for those who spend too much time on PCs is as striking as salmon and aisle salmon for people who will insist on going against the flow in crowds or supermarket aisles. Manstanding is what husbands and partners typically do while their wives or partners are actually getting on with the shopping. Excellent. (Charles Nevin, The Joy of Slang. BBC News, October 25, 2013) Old Slang: Grub, Mob, Knock Off, and Clear as Mud   When we refer . . . to food as grub, it is perhaps hard to realize that the word goes back to Oliver Cromwells time; from early 18th century come mob, and also knock off, to finish; and from early 19th century, the sarcastic use of clear as mud. (Paul Beale, editor of Partridges Concise Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 1991) The Life Span of Slang Words   With the exception of cool, which retains its effectiveness after well over half a century, slang wordsgroovy, phat, radical, smokinhave a very brief life span in which they can be used to express sincere enthusiasm. Then they revert to irony or, at best, expressions of a sort of mild sardonic approval. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007)  The latest slang term for defecation, however, is dropping the kids off at the pool, which offers hope for a new generation of euphemistic suburbanites. (William Safire, Kiduage. The New York Times, 2004) Slanguage   The expression slanguage has been in the English language for well over a hundred years and has an entry in reputable dictionaries like the Macquarie and the Oxford. One of its first written appearances was as early as 1879, and since that time it has been in regular useThe slanguage of a sporting reporter is a fearful and wonderful thing, to give just one early example. The word slang has given rise to quite a number of wonderful blended or compounded words, such as slanguage, and many of them have been in the language a very long time. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Can O' Beans on Sloppy Slang   Well, said Can o Beans, a bit hesitantly, imprecise speech is one of the major causes of mental illness in human beings. . . .  Ã‚  The inability to correctly perceive reality is often responsible for humans insane behavior. And every time they substitute an all-purpose, sloppy slang word for the words that would accurately describe an emotion or a situation, it lowers their reality orientations, pushes them farther from shore, out onto the foggy waters of alienation and confusion. . . .  Slang possesses an economy, an immediacy thats attractive, all right, but it devalues experience by standardizing and fuzzing it. It hangs between humanity and the real world like a . . . a veil. Slang just makes people more stupid, thats all, and stupidity eventually makes them crazy. Id hate to ever see that kind of craziness rub off onto objects. (Tom Robbins, Skinny Legs and All. Bantam, 1990) The Lighter Side of American Slang I know only two words of American slang: swell and lousy. I think swell is lousy, but lousy is swell. (J.B. Priestley) * Jane was a magazine designed to appeal to young women. It ceased publication in 2007. Pronunciation: slang

Sinornithosaurus - Facts and Figures

Sinornithosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Sinornithosaurus (Greek for Chinese bird-lizard); pronounced sine-OR-nith-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130-125 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture;  long tail; feathers About Sinornithosaurus   Of all the dino-bird fossils discovered in the Liaoning Quarry in China, Sinornithosaurus may be the most famous, because its the most complete:  the perfectly preserved skeleton of this early Cretaceous dinosaur shows evidence not only of feathers, but of different kinds of feathers on different parts of its body. The feathers on this small theropods head were short and hairlike, but the feathers on its arms and tail were long and distinctively birdlike, with tufts of intermediate length along its back. Technically, Sinornithosaurus is classified as a raptor, on the basis of the single, oversized, sickle-shaped single claws on each of its hind feet, which it used to  tear  at and disembowel prey; on the whole, though, it bears a greater resemblance to the other dino-birds of the Mesozoic Era (like Archaeopteryx and Incisivosaurus) than it does to famous raptors like Deinonychus​ and Velociraptor. At the end of 2009, a team of paleontologists generated headlines by claiming Sinornithosaurus  to be  the first identified venomous dinosaur (never mind that poison-spitting Dilophosaurus you saw in Jurassic Park, which was based on fantasy rather than fact). The supposed evidence in favor of this behavior: fossilized pouches connected by ducts to this dinosaurs snake-like fangs. At the time, reasoning by analogy with modern animals, it would have been surprising if these sacs werent exactly what they appeared to berepositories of venom that Sinornithosaurus used to immobilize (or kill) its prey.  However, a more recent, and more convincing, study has concluded that the supposed  pouches of Sinornithosaurus were created when this individuals incisors loosened from their sockets, and arent evidence of a venomous lifestyle after all!

Dante, Inferno, Canto II, line 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Dante, Inferno, Canto II, line 7 - Essay Example It is also important to identify the information that is being conveyed. It is important to note that an author needs to identify messages that will answer the social gap within the society. An author needs to identify the problems within the society and try to give a solution through literary work. Dante Inferno has disseminated vibrant information to most readers (Puncher 2012). It is also important to highlight that a literary work must always aim at changing the society. This entails correction of bad behaviors within the society. An author has a vibrant platform to communicate vibrant messages to many people. This is due to high number of readers in the country. Social vices within the society can be corrected vibrantly using literary work. Dante inferno has highlighted numerous vices within the society (Puncher 2012). Empowering the society is a very vibrant factor. Literary needs to have the values to empower the youth in the society. In this case, most youth who are talented in writing will motivated to explore this rich field. Dante inferno has highlighted this aspect (Puncher

Moral dilemma of whether euthanasia is ethically acceptable Essay

Moral dilemma of whether euthanasia is ethically acceptable - Essay Example This paper weighs in on the ethics of euthanasia as it applies to elderly people near death and suffering, and in the context of such people being in nursing homes and hospices, being administered end of life care. My own experience visiting, interacting with residents and workers, and reflecting on those experiences at Brandon Woods is the mine of concrete experience on which I intend to draw insights into the ethics of euthanasia. This paper situates the discussion of the ethical acceptability of euthanasia in such elderly care settings from the perspective of at least three normative theories of ethics: Kant’s, utilitarianism, and cultural relativism. Ð ¡ultural Relativism:Cultural relativism basically posits that cultural perspectives color what is moral and ethical, and so people from one culture differ from another in terms of what they deem to be moral and ethical, or immoral and unethical. In other words, this perspective takes off from the observation in the natural world, that societies have differing takes on what is right and wrong, so that what is right and wrong in one culture may be at odds with how people in another culture view what is right and wrong. The texts give the example of the Eskimos, for instance, who have differing views on marriage, sex, infanticide, and taking care of the elderly from the west. The text further give the example of two differing cultures having differing takes on what is right and wrong when it comes to disposing of their dead fathers, with one culture practicing what the other culture deems to be immoral and unethical, and vice versa. The practices are eating the dead and cremating them. At the heart of cultural relativism is the position that morality is something that is arbitrary, or at most the result of how different cultures form their opinions about what is right and wrong. In this sense there is no absolute right and wrong, and that everything is a matter of practice, as well as of opinion. The fla w from this conclusion is also made evident in the text. Two or more cultures with differing ethical beliefs do not necessarily rule out the existence of an absolute moral and ethical standard. For instance, that one culture deems eating the bodies of their dead fathers unethical, and that another deems burning the remains of their dead fathers unethical, does not mean that there is no absolute moral and ethical standard with regard to disposing of the remains of dead fathers. It is just that two or more cultures differ in their beliefs. Similarly, that Eskimos differ in their beliefs from western society about marriage and selectively killing children does not mean that there are no absolute ethical standards concerning killing infants, and concerning swinging partners and leaving old people to die in the cold. For another example that drives home this point, that one culture views the world as flat rather than round, or that one culture deems the world to be created rather than be ing the product of evolution, does not mean that there is no absolute truth with regard to the roundness of the earth, or the validity of the proof of evolution theory. The problems with cultural relativism are compounded when one takes off from the premises of the theory and then pursues their logical consequences to the end. For instance, if morality and ethics are relative, then one culture is no better than the other, and there can be no talk of ethical or moral progress. There is only the relative belief of one culture as the basis of ethical judgment. This conclusion flies in the face of historical developments that see morality and

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay â€Å"I believe that imagination is stronger than knowledge myth is more potent than history dreams are more powerful than facts hope always triumphs over experience laughter is the cure for grief life is stronger than death. † If you ask me to describe myself I would say that I am pleasant, diverse, and active man. I think one of my most distinguishing characteristics is the diversity of experiences I possess. I am an engineering graduate with a flair for management. I also have a passion for traveling and exploring different cultures of the world. All these elements have helped me develop a very broad outlook, with varying degrees of knowledge in a range of topics. As a freshman at the undergraduate level, I chose my major in Electrical Electronics Engineering to ensure a sound technological base. It was in my third year of graduation in Engineering that I was able to touch upon subject like Industrial and Organizational Management, which stimulated my interest towards management. Professional experience has helped me fortify my conclusion that Management science is a major part of the industry and it plays a polar role. After completing my Engineering from Cochin University of Science Technology, Kochi; which is amongst the best institutes of technical education in India, I joined in as a Project Engineer in Wipro Technologies Ltd. To get a feel of corporate management and to know what it takes to become a successful manager before opting for a career in the field. My desire to know more of the big world of managers saw me carefully observing what makes the decisions of the managers, who manage the companies, more successful pragmatic. I realized that experience did play a major role in their success, but what was more important was that they came from recognized schools of business. Their decisions were based on simulated conditions in classroom discussions and on the basis of their peer’s experiences that were also shared in the class. This made my determination towards doing management stronger very soon, it became a passion and to this end, I have decided to apply to your University. At Wipro, I joined as a Software Testing Engineer and worked for Clients like Yell Group, The Convergys and my current assignment is with the British Telecom. While the first two projects dealt with SAP SD and HR module testing, my current project is a Telecom Domain Project. Apart from all the Technical stuff, I had the passion for learning the management skills from my Leads and Manager. I would note down the positive points of my senior leads and managers and even the ones where things could have been done better while they were handling the projects and the people involved. I had the passion for learning people skills from them. I had the opportunity to lead a small project with a group of five and with all my leanings I was able to make that project a successful one with appreciation mails pouring in from my clients and senior management of my company. I learnt a lot in my project while leading the group of 5. Although it was not so easy; I did my best to shoulder my responsibilities well. I had a passion for People Management, Human Resource Management and Keenly observing People behavior right from my early school days. I would get involved in organizing and volunteering various cultural activities in school, college and even in my society where I resided. I would love to meet people from different parts of the world and befriend them in no time and they would love to be in my company. At the back of my mind I always wanted to do something bigger, some thing with which I would have an impact on the whole world. I want to make a difference in the quality of Lives in the people across the globe and a positive difference to the organization I work with. I used to see people dissatisfied with their job, some had issues with their salary structure, a few had issues with the management then some one was dissatisfied with their work timings. This behavior of working people propelled me to have some experience at work and then only I would understand their problems in a much better way. For reaching to my dreams I needed to start with a globally with a well established organization and luckily I got selected in the campus interview at my college during my engineering. Working with Wipro Technologies for over 2 and a half years gave me a little insight into the corporate world ethics which went through various phases including the Recession Period when the market was on a low and it was tough to sustain your job. I keenly observed the behavior of employees and the management during recession. The results were not encouraging as the employee management relation was deteriorating day by day during this economically hit period. I want to make a difference to the organization I work with in y future even during the economic slowdown. I am passionate about all my dreams in making it true. However I do need help to shape myself to the best ever manager with which I could make differences to the quality of lives of the people and companies across the globe. Pursing a MSC in Human Resource Management and Business degree became inevitable for me as it was my path to future career so decided to do my Masters from Aston University which provides a quality education. The UK higher Education system combines the best elements of tradition and modernity. The quality of UK degree is one reason why I plan to come to The UK and study. Another is the value for money. Also the universities in UK provide internationally recognized qualifications of highest standard. The Business School at the Aston University is amongst the elite management schools. The quality of Post graduate taught programs is well recognized. The School provides MSc in Human Resource Management and Business program is designed to equip its graduates for careers in the global market. Apart from all these I am very passionate about sports and cultural activities. I am the core member of the sports committee of Wipro Technologies at Pune. Before this I had organized the Annual People Fiesta event at Wipro Tech, Hyderabad and won the People’s Champion award for the same. The activities included games like Basketball, Football, and cricket, Indoor games like Carom, Chess, Badminton, and Fun Games like Quizzing, Treasure Hunt, and Paper Game etc. I had actively participated in all of them; apart from this I was involved in Blood Donation Camp conducted by the Red Cross Society where I actively donated Blood as well. I had organized many Events at College level and won accolades for the same. My ardor for interacting with different people, learning them, their culture and making them friends, My deep urge to learn people skills and manage people at a large scale, to know them from their perspective and to run an organization where people love their company and to hear from them that they are jubilant to be part of my organization makes me a fitting candidate for your deemed program. I am confident that MSc in Human Resource Management and Business offered by Aston University would significantly impact my professional life and would fully equip me with comprehensive specialized rigorous professional training in all aspects of Human Resource management.

Documenting Electronic Sources :: mla documenting

Documenting Electronic Sources Your research for English Literature will likely include looking for online sources. If you find potential sources online, you will probably find that they vary widely in quality, in currency, and in reliability. You should limit yourself to only those sources that show evidence of carrying authority. Does the site identify authors and provide their credentials? Does the site offer documentation so that readers can substantiate information? Does the site avoid seeming to offer political propaganda? Is it free of advertising, commercial or political? Is the site up-to-date? By asking such questions, you can avoid selecting sources which will undermine your own credibility. Specifically, your research assignment for English 111 requires you (unless your instructor grants you exceptional permission) to limit yourself to online sources of two types: 1. articles in online periodicals (journals and magazines actually published on the World Wide Web), and 2. periodical articles available through electronic databases such as ProQuest. The instructions below explain how you can find such sources and how you should include them in your list of "Works Cited." Articles in Online Periodicals Suppose, for example, you are writing a paper on Shakespeare's play The Taming of the Shrew. You might begin your online search by using Netscape to do an Internet search. (Using Netscape, you pull down the "Directory" menu and click on "Internet Search" to reach a search engine.) Then you would type in keywords such as these: Petruchio, Taming, Shrew. Among the many potential sources your search produced, you would find the two listed below, one an article in a scholarly journal, the other an article in a magazine. Both fit into category #1 above of the types of online sources you may use. Each is given here in the MLA form you would use should you end up including it in your list of "Works Cited." Heaney, Peter F. "Petruchio's Horse: Equine and Household Mismanagement in The Taming of the Shrew." Early Modern Literary Studies 4.1 (1998): 12 pars. 3 Feb. 1999 <http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-1/heanshak.html>. Kerrigan, William W. "The Case for Bardolatry: Harold Bloom Rescues Shakespeare from the Critics." Lingua Franca Nov. 1998. 3 Feb. 1999 <http://sevenbridgespress.com/lf/9811/kerrigan.html>. Full-Text Articles Available through Database In order to locate sources fitting into category #2 above (periodical articles available through an electronic database), you would again begin with Netscape. By typing "voyager.

Of Gods and Men

Gods and Men Of Gods and Men tells the story of nine Therapist monks, seven of which, are tortured and executed by Islamic fundamentalists. They had received several threats from these fundamentalists. They were not sure of whether or not to leave their monastery, but ultimately decided on staying. Due to this decision, their monastery was invaded and they were held hostage by the Islamic fundamentalists. They were eventually executed. These monks were real Christians, Sectarians and I liked their community. These monks are the definition of model Christians.They devoted their whole lives to God and prayer. They spent every waking moment with the Lord. They live under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Every single thing they do Is for God, and that requires a great amount of dedication. Monks truly exemplify model Christians. The monks In Of Gods and Men are Sectarians. This meaner they are Therapist monks. I could never be a nun or Sectarian monk. It requires way too muc h dedication and I love my Reilly 2 freedom. I could not Imagine a life of solitude without my family or friends. I definitely would not be able to live that way. I really like the monk community.They do not bother anyone and It sounds like they are genuinely great people. They are perfectly harmless to the world. Monks choose to live their peaceful lives on their own, separate from everyone else. They have chosen to live their life the way they do and do not force upon anyone their beliefs or opinions. I very much approve and like the monk community. Of Gods and Men gave me great Insight on Therapist monks. It also made me aware of all the horrible situations going on around the world, much like what happened In the movie. I enjoyed watching the movie. It was very heart-felt and well done.It was en of the best movies we have watched all year. By milkmaid the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Every single thing they do is for God, The monks in Of Gods and Men are Sectarians. This meaner they are Therapist freedom. I could not imagine a life of solitude without my family or friends. I I really like the monk community. They do not bother anyone and it sounds like beliefs or opinions. I very much approve and like the monk community. Of Gods and Men gave me great insight on Therapist monks. It also made me aware of all the horrible situations going on around the world, much like what happened in

Mba 1st Sem, Principle and Practice of Management

IIBM Institute of business Management Semester – 1 Principle and Practice of management Answer Sheet Section ‘A’ – Part One: 1. A plan is a trap laid to capture the FUTURE. 2. STAFFING is the function of employing suitable person for the enterprise. 3. DEPARTMENTATION means â€Å" group of activities & employees into department†. 4. ACCEPTANCE THEORY states that authority is the power that is accepted by others. 5. DECENTRALIZATION means dispersal of decision-making power to the lower level of the organization. 6.MASTER CHART is the basic document of the organizational structure. 7. Communication which flow from the superior to subordinates with the help of scalar chain is known as DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION . 8. Needs for belongingness, friendship, love, affection, attention & social acceptance are SOCIAL NEEDS. 9. A management function which ensure â€Å"jobs to be filled with the right people, with the right knowledge, skills & attitude i s STAFFING DEFINED. 10. COUNSELING is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach to a decision affecting their life. Part Two: 1). The difference between management & administration are that:-Administration is the function in industry concerned with the determination of the corporate policy, the co-ordination of finance, production and distribution whereas Management is the function concerned with the execution of policy within the limits setup by administration. Thus, administration is formulation of policies and is a determinative function while management is execution of policies and is an executive function. Administration involves the overall setting of major objectives determination of  Ã‚  policies, identifying of general purposes laying down broad programmes etc. hile management is the active direction of human efforts with a view to getting this done. 2). The common drawbacks of the classical and the neo classical theories of management are listed be low:- i) Both the theories had certain unrealistic assumptions and hence were not applicable to the organisation at a later date. ii) Both the theories had limited application, the formats and structures of organisations are not universal in both the theories. There is no particular structure which may serve the purpose of all the organisations.They also overlook some of the environmental constraints which managers cannot ignore and this lapse makes the practicability of the theory limited. iii) Lack of Unified Approach: The theories lack the unified approach of an organisation. 3). Line Organisation is the oldest form of an organisation. This is known by different means, i. e. , military, vertical, scalar and departmental. All other types of organisation structure have mostly been modifications of the line organisation. The concept of the line organisation holds that in any organisation derived from a scalar process, there must be a single head who commands it.Although an executive can delegate authority, he has ultimate responsibility for results. According to some writer â€Å"Line structure consists of the direct vertical relationship which connect the positions and tasks of each level with those above and below it, and some others say â€Å"organisationally, the line is the chain of command that extends from the board of directors through the various delegations and re-delegations of authority and responsibility to the point where the primary activities of the enterprise are performed. 4).Acceptance theory is a theory which states that authority is the power that is accepted by others. Formal authority is reduced to nominal authority if it is not accepted by the subordinates. The subordinates accept the authority if the advantages to be derived by its acceptance exceed the disadvantages resulting from its refusal. The subordinates give obedience to the mangers because they visualise the following advantages- i) Receipt of financial incentives. ii) Contr ibution in attaining the objectives of the enterprise. iii) Fulfilment of responsibilities. v) Appreciation from colleagues. v) Setting of an example for others. vi) Responsibility to leadership of superior. vii) Moral obligation because of regard for old age, experience, competence, etc. According to acceptance theory, authority flows from bottom to top. A manager has authority if he gets obedience from the subordinates. Subordinates obey the managers because of the fear of losing financial rewards. This theory emphasises sanctions that a manager can use and overlooks the influence of social institutions like trade unions. Section ‘B’- Case let – 1Q1) Critically analyse Mr. Vincent’s reasoning. Ans: Mr. Vincent was a good and successful manager but he followed the traditional type of management skills, and that is why he was not unsuccessful. But when he was taught of many other ways of managements he started to think that he should only know it for the t est because he was confident thinking that whatever he knows is enough as he was successful, but he was wrong because with other skills applications he could have not only been successful but could also grow his organisation and take it to the top of his competitors.He could make an increase in the profit of his organisation and save the wastes as much as possible. Being an manager he should have always been innovative in his ideas of management but he was going the other way, even though his professor was teaching him new thought he was busy thinking that he will stick to his old way of planning, organising and controlling approach to manage his store. Q2) If you were the professor and you knew what was going through Vincent’s mind, what would you say to Vincent?Ans: If I was the professor and knew what was going through Vincent’s mind then I would have explained him the concept again but this time the other way giving him his own example and then make him feel the la cking part of his successful management career making him feel that his thought were also correct put old enough and needed to be updated according to the needs of the environment today.I would have told him that with modernization he should become innovative too and that not only planning, organising and controlling are steps of successful management but it could also be thought of as quantitative models, system theory and analysis, and even something called contingency relationship, so that he could implement many other theories and methods in his process of managing his job, so that he should not only be successful but Also that his organisation should grow and give good competition to the other organisations around him and so that he could make good and proper use of his available resources.Case Let – 2 Q1). Diagnose the problem and enumerate the reason for the failure of D’Cuhna? Ans: D’Cuhna was a good professional executive but being good and equal someti mes might go against one’s self only.The problem with D’Cuhna was that he was going to quickly in his work and not giving others time to catch up, everyone knew that he was selected because of his experience, background and abilities but he should also understand that he was the part of an organisation which was new and not even fully trained for the work so how could they work at his speed and expectations, the problem with D’Cuhna was that he being an old executive should know that in an organisation there human beings and that they are emotional in nature so he should not treat everyone i. . male and female staffs in the same manner, he had no right to scold someone on account of others pending work, because it was his duty to see that if someone is on sick leave he should replace that position temporarily, but D’Cuhna did not do so and went on to scold the female staff. When he was cross answered by the female staff for the first time then only he sho uld have understood her emotional nature and talked to the higher authority for suggestions. Q2). What could D’Cuhna have done to avoid the situation in which he found himself?Ans: If at the very beginning only D’Cuhna had looked into the matter as why the female clerk was submitting nil returns and after knowing it if he would have filled the vacant officer’s place with a temporary staff then the matter would not have been raised higher, later when the lady clerk was cross answering him then instead of firing her and scolding her if D’Cuhna had gone and spoken to the higher authorities regarding the matter then planned and taken any step to solve the problem and then taken any strict action then also D’Cuhna could have found himself out of this trouble.Even after all this had happened if D’Cuhna had apologised to the lady staff and then explained her politely then also some chances were there for him to get out of this trouble which he had created for himself, as ladies are very emotional in nature and like politeness. But after all what had been done and finally the only option for him to get out of all this was to quit as he did. Section ‘C’ – Q1) What is training? Explain the different method of training?Ans : Training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing a particular job, traditionally training had focused on technical and mechanical skills. Training has to focus also on interpersonal and social skills, on listening, on control over body language, on communication and presentation skills, etc. The different method of training is as follows:- i) Case Method: This method can be said to be midway between â€Å"learn by doing† and â€Å"learn by listening. In this method the trainees get a descriptive record in the form of a case. The participants, have chance to see themselves as one or another person in the case ii) Incident Process: Unlike the case m ethod the incident is also a brief statement of an event or a situation. Additional data is event or a situation. Additional data is made available in response to specific questions from the participants. iii) Lecture Method: This is a very popular method. The lecture is actively involved while the participants are largely passive. v) Business games: In business games, the participants may form into groups of three or four, each groups would be given data about plant capacities, material costs, availability of materials, cost of carrying inventories, etc. and based on the fact provided to the participants they have to make decisions simulating situations which arise in business organisation form time to time. v) Role Playing: In this method different participants are given details and fact of a character about its past and are told to act like it. Q2) Explain Decision–Making Process of an organization?Ans: Decision-making: Management process involves decision making at all le vels. Decision-making describes the process by which a course of action is selected as the way to deal with a specific problem. If there is only one alternative, the question of decision making does not arise. The quality of alternatives which a manger selects determines the organization’s performance, and the future of the organization. The decision making process of an organization are listed below:- * Setting objectives: Rational decision-making involves a concrete goal of objectives.So the first step in decision-making is to know one’s objectives. * Perception of the problem: Perception involves defining and recognising the problem in a clear-cut manner. * Analysing the problem: After defining the problem, the next step in decision-making is analysing it. The problem should be thoroughly analysed to find out adequate background information and data relating to the situation. * Developing alternative solutions: After analysing a problem, with the help of relevant in formation, the decision-maker should formulate several alternative solutions for the problem. Screening the alternatives: After developing various alternatives, the next stepshould be to judge and evaluate them through some decision criteria. * Selecting the best solution: After evaluation of various alternatives, the nextstep is the selection of the best solution. * Implementing the decision: After taking the final decision the next problem isto put decision into effect. * Feedback and Control: The last step in the process of a right decision is to follow up the decision.

Les

Les On the most exciting and memorable time of my lifte was when my son Leslie A. Taylor graduated from Miles College. This event was and still is an important event in our family. Les was the first born grandchild and the first grandchild to finish college. Matter of fact he accomplished something that neither my siblings or I accomplished.Les has always been a quiet child and I never thought he would be the one to stand out and lead the family into higher education. During junior high and high school days he struggle with school and some bad choices. Les never like doing homework or studying and always tried to find ways to get out doing them. As a matter fact Les went to summer school from the ninth grade to his senior year. School to his was not important and I promised him and myself that he would graduate no matter what it would take.Miles College

Selfie and Other Words Ending with -ie

Selfie and Other Words Ending with -ie Selfie and Other Words Ending with -ie Selfie and Other Words Ending with -ie By Mark Nichol Selfie is the latest addition to a small family of English words using the diminutive suffix -ie as an informal marker. Purely diminutive forms have been around for hundreds of years; puppy, likely borrowed from the Middle French word poupà ©e, meaning â€Å"doll† or â€Å"toy† (and cognate with puppet), dates from the fourteenth century, as does baby, a diminutive (as is babi, and along with babe) of the Middle English word baban, and hypocorisms, or pet names in diminutive form (such as Johnny), were first seen in the early fifteenth century in Scotland. Scottish was also the inspiration for the -ie ending, first seen in laddie, meaning â€Å"young boy,† in the mid-sixteenth century. Adoption of this form into English followed the popularity of Scotsman Robert Burns’s poems, which he wrote in the late 1700s and which feature such terms as laddie and its female equivalent, lassie. The latter word was the name of a heroic collie dog in an 1859 novel that probably inspired a similar character in a series of stories and novels written throughout the twentieth century, as well as films and television series. And speaking of dogs, doggie (also spelled doggy) was first attested around the same time as laddie and lassie appeared. The first common modern word utilizing the -ie diminutive is movie, first attested in 1911, just after the dawn of the cinematic age; it is so engrained in our vocabulary that few of us give any thought to its origin as a slang diminutive of â€Å"moving picture.† Two decades later, technological developments that enabled films to be produced with sound prompted the short-lived term talkie. (Within a few years, virtually all films were talkies, so the word soon became obsolete.) At about the same time, British writer Aldous Huxley expanded on that breakthrough in filmmaking by alluding in his novel Brave New World to feelies, films that incorporate touch and smell in the moviegoing experience. (The term later referred to facsimiles or models of objects featured in a computer game that are packaged with the game.) In the 1940s, the term hippie was coined as a pejorative diminutive of hipster, meaning â€Å"one who is self-consciously trendy† (first attested in 1941 but enjoying a resurgence over the last decade or so); a decade later, it (and the alternate spelling hippy) was appropriated to refer to people adopting a countercultural appearance and attitude. Also during the late 1960s, a radical group called the Youth International Party, inspired by hippie and alluding to the acronym of the name, dubbed themselves Yippies. The next -ie slang word to come along was foodie, referring to a person with gourmet tastes; it first appeared in the early 1980s. About twenty years after that, people began to refer to photographs they took of themselves as â€Å"selfies.† Though the practice dates back to the dawn of photography, the advent of cell phones with photographic capabilities made it unusually convenient for anyone to take selfies; a development that in hindsight seems to have been inevitable is the selfie stick, a pole used as an extension of the arm to provide a greater range when taking a selfie. Selfie and its similarly constructed antecedents are exhibits in the case for the introduction of new vocabulary as a democratic process: Anyone can coin a word. With the ubiquity of social media, it’s much easier than before for such neologisms to go viral, but they can easily get lost in the signal-to-noise clutter. But selfie and many other new words have thrived because they fill a need; how else can we concisely refer to photographs one takes of oneself (and other people and/or a background)? If you find yourself at a loss for words, create one of your own and see whether it has leggies. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingLatin Plural Endings90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Managing 'Fifteen' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing 'Fifteen' - Essay Example Graph 1 – Mintzberg’s ten managerial roles (Source:http://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/mintzberg-s-ten-management-roles) Through the above graph, the following issues are made clear: a) a manager’s role can be quite demanding, being related to a series of requirements that are not easy to be met, b) the high performance of a manager in one of each category’s subsections can hide the potential weaknesses of the manager in regard to the other sections of the same category; c) a manager need to be able to develop simultaneously a series of activities, keeping a balance between the internal and the external environment of the organization. The roles of Jamie Oliver, as manager in Fifteen, could be evaluated using the Mintzberg’s model as follows: A) Informational; a1) monitor: Jamie is continuously informed on the developments of the food industry, meaning not just new ingredients or recipes but also on new trends in regard to food preferences; at the same time, he has managed to develop an extended chain of supporters/ strategic alliances. They were these persons that have helped Jamie in the establishment of Fifteen and, further, in the expansion of the business, as also revealed in the case study, a2) disseminator; in the case of Fifteen, the ability of Jamie to pass information to others has been verified; Jamie has been able to act as a mentor for trainees helping them to understand the needs and demands of the food industry; a3) spokesperson; Jamie has successfully promoted Fifteen through the media; in fact, the particular project has been presented to the public through a TV-series that had the characteristics of a reality show. Through Fifteen, the exceptional skills of Jamie in acting as a spokesperson have been made clear; b) Interpersonal; b1) figurehead; Jamie is characterized by high enthusiasm and passion for his job; developing events for attracting more visitors to the restaurant has been one of Jamie’s st rategies for making Fifteen popular to the public; b2) leader; Jamie has managed to transfer to trainees much of his knowledge on food preparation and food quality; in addition, by providing to trainees an example of daily behaviour in the workplace, he has managed to gain their trust and respect; b3) liaison; as noted in the case study, Jamie has monitored the trends and developments of the food industry and has transferred the above information to trainees acting as a liaison between the internal and external environment; c) Decisional; c1) entrepreneur; developing a business project in the context of the modern market can be a risky activity, especially if taking into consideration the current crisis (World Bank 2010); Jamie has been able to take the relevant risk measuring the profits and benefits expected but also the resources required; his estimations were proved as accurate, despite the turbulences in the UK market; as noted in the case study, Jamie decided to cover a key pa rt of the project using ‘his own money’ (case study, p.1); c2) disturbance handler, during the development of the project Jamie had to respond to a series of problems, including the lack of experience of individuals involved, the lack of

Standardization and Adaptation Marketing Strategies Essay

Standardization and Adaptation Marketing Strategies - Essay Example The first strategy is standardization, commonly referred to as â€Å"standardization when necessary†. This is a marketing policy that involves the use of the same product, distribution networks, promotion and prices in all markets. This marketing strategy is employed to increase the quality of products and to streamline the distribution channels. It also uses same product promotion tactics and prices in virtually all environments. Brands such as Coca-cola, Nike, and Levis have used this marketing strategy in their global markets. Coca-cola, for example, sells the same product in all countries throughout the world. Standardization is normally embraced by companies who view the world as a global village where the consumers have same tastes, needs and desires and hence they use same product and strategy in all the markets. Adaptation strategy is the other approach that is has been used in marketing. This strategy entails adjusting products, distribution channels, promotion tactics as well as prices to every kind of market that a company operates in. This line of attack does not view the market as homogenous. It takes into consideration differences in culture, taste, consumer behaviour, government policies and infrastructure in every market. The users of this strategy, therefore, adjust their products, brands, design and labels to conform to a different environment, consumer behaviour and competitiveness. Factors such as national identity, language and climate are also considered in this approach. An illustration of a product that has clinched the adaptation strategy in its global market is cell phone manufacturer Nokia. The firm has over the years established its handsets to conform to the market needs. This has enabled Nokia to fully satisfy the needs of each of its local markets that could have otherwise remained unsatisfied had the company not used this approach. Adaptation strategy helps fully respond to the needs of the local consumers by using specific prices, distribution channels and promotion tactics based on the characteristics of the market.     

Lyric Explication - Patsy Cline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lyric Explication - Patsy Cline - Essay Example simile: scan: theme: The main theme of the lyric is the speaker's memory of his lost love and he is in all praise for her love. plot: The speaker is remembering the love of his one-time-beloved who has left only the memories. He finds several indications of her love for him and he is clear that only the memories of the woman remain. comment: The speaker is very passionate in his words and expresses his memory of the lost love. According to him, he has got only the memories of those good old days. The symbols that he uses as the signs or indications of his lost love are able to convey the man's feeling. It is truly a passionate relation that he has lost. Lyric Explication of "She's Got You" - Patsy Cline One of the most famous pop lyrics, "She's Got You" by Hank Cochran has been very strong in presenting the memory of a lost love. As predicted, it came to be a great hit when Patsy Cline first recorded and released in 1962. As she listened to the lyrics, Patsy was emotionally motivated by the power of the lyrics. She was sure about the quality of the lyrics and decided to approach it seriously. She recorded it at the next session. Significantly, there was profound agreement between Cline and her producer about a potential hit from the lyric. An explication of the lyric clarifies why Cline was greatly convinced about the potential of the lyric to become a success. There is a powerful theme running through the lyric and the lyricist has been able to make use of the best techniques to give the maximum effect to the lines. The verse speaks in volume about the feeling of love and the speaker in the lyric is extremely passionate in his voice when expressing his emotion on his lost love. A l yric explication of "She's Got You" substantiates...The symbols that he uses as the signs or indications of his lost love are able to convey the man's feeling. It is truly a passionate relation that he has lost. One of the most famous pop lyrics, "She's Got You" by Hank Cochran has been very strong in presenting the memory of a lost love. As predicted, it came to be a great hit when Patsy Cline first recorded and released in 1962. As she listened to the lyrics, Patsy was emotionally motivated by the power of the lyrics. She was sure about the quality of the lyrics and decided to approach it seriously. She recorded it at the next session. Significantly, there was profound agreement between Cline and her producer about a potential hit from the lyric. An explication of the lyric clarifies why Cline was greatly convinced about the potential of the lyric to become a success. There is a powerful theme running through the lyric and the lyricist has been able to make use of the best techniques to give the maximum effect to the lines. The verse speaks in volume about the feeling of love and the speaker in the lyric is extremely passionate in his voice when expressing his emotion on his lost love. A lyric explication of "She's Got You" substantiates the beauty of these lines and the importance of the lyrical techniques. The speaker's sweet memories of his beloved are presented by the lyricist in the most ef

Influence Of Media On The Public Behavior Sociology Essay

Influence Of Media On The Public Behavior Sociology Essay This research paper analyses the impact of Bollywood movies and generated ideas of romance and love marriage within middle and upper-middle class urban Pakistani marriages. It especially focuses on the influence of this on the acceptability of love marriages. It looks at selected samples of youngsters falling in the age group 17-29 and parents. Exceptions looked at are those falling outside the age group who had love marriages. The similarity of Indian and Pakistani mindset is scrutinized with respect to love marriages. It explores the issue of unacceptability of love marriages in Pakistan and the gradual changing trend. The vital role played by fantasy within Indian marriages is explored and the focal point is commercial Hindi films watched by the middle class of Karachi which fall within the genre of melodrama. Love marriages in bollywood are looked in depth. Finally the paper aims at exploring the factors responsible for the change in attitudes towards marriage and analysis of whe ther Bollywood movies influence is one of those factors which has considerably influenced the mindsets towards acceptance of love marriages in Pakistan. Research Question Have Bollywood movies influenced the increased acceptance of love marriages amongst the middle class of Karachi? Research Hypothesis Based on a review of literature as noted later in this proposal, there is one major hypothesis area that will guide the analysis of data i.e. Bollywood movies have influenced the increased acceptance of love marriages amongst the middle class of Karachi. Secondary Research Influence of Media on the public behavior How Does the Media Influence the Way People Behave? The influence of media on public behavior is becoming more and more significant as time is passing. With the development and advancement of new technology, it is possible to distribute media content pervasively with minimal costs. Because of a high demand and supply of media content, producers engage in competitive behavior and come up with new ways to catch attention of consumers. The type of content free media shows is solely dependent on the demand for media content. However, numerous research studies on the topic have revealed that media content can shape our thoughts and alter our behavior in a number of ways. The following part of the literature review will focus on the effects of media on the behavior and perception of the general population. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the impact of media on the conception of love marriages will be discussed with reference to research studies. Watching media content takes us into a different world or more specifically, a different level of consciousness. Media content not only arouses our cognitive neurons, but also changes our behavior if exposed frequently. The effect of media is not stopped even after exposure to media content is removed; instead it causes a lingering effect by initiating a gradual thought process that can lead to behavioral changes in many cases. A good example of behavioral manipulation caused by media content is the impact of action films on children. Research on television shows, movies, music and video games which contain violent behavior shows unequivocal connection between media violence and violent behavior in both short and long term (Anderson, et al., 2003). Empirical evidence shows children emulate violent behavior portrayed by the heroes in the movies thinking that they would be able to achieve their desired outcome though violent behavior just like hero tends to be victorious in the end of the movie. Children tend to adopt some behavioral aspects from media content over a long period of time. Moreover, some behavioral changes might change throughout the whole population as children adopt those behaviors as adults, practice those behaviors over others and leave a mark on the future generations. This is the reason why media is able to change some social norms that existed previously and why some nations are afraid o f cultural imperialism through media invasion. Media consumers, whether they know it or not, are affected by what they watch and what they see over a long period of time will still shape what they perceive as normal, thanks to oft-repeated themes and images in the land of movie love (Hefner, 2011). And while movies are not intended or expected to be entirely realistic, scholars of communication theorize that exposure to media like romantic comedies, especially for young people, can shape expectations about both romance and marriage, shifting adolescent perceptions about what love is like, and how to show it (McLanahan, 2008). Researchers followed 329 subjects over 15 years. They found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime. Researchers said that, Media violence can affect any child from any family, regardless of social class or parenting (Dispenza, 2011). All our actions are based on what we learn and what we know, and we as human beings learn by seeing and imitating. Following this trend of thought we can infer that as we see from movies, we tend to act accordingly, by the means of learning and practicing. Marriages When Frank Sinatra sang about love and marriage going together like a horse and carriage, he did not consider that to a great extent the cart is put before the ox. Marriages are arranged by parents in China, India and Indonesia three countries with 40% of the worlds population plus others that practice Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism. Pakistan is one such country where arranged marriages are practiced and dating is not permissible. Couples might get a 15-minute meeting followed in a few months by a wedding. But sparks are flying, and love marriages are breaking out in India, the worlds largest democracy, with 1.1 billion people.  CEO Raju Reddy of Sierra Atlantic in India, himself in an arranged marriage to childhood friend Neeraja, was surprised to learn at the Sierra Atlantic holiday party in December that about a dozen love marriages have germinated in recent years at the 13-year-old company. The Indian government does not differentiate in its marriage statistics. But young Indians interviewed say their observations suggest that 10% to 20% of their friends are having love marriages, and expert Poonam Barua, director of the Conference Boards India Operations, says that is probably true in most of Indias cities. Bollywood movies such as  Salaam Namaste  are based on the old formula of boy meeting girl and eventually fall in love. It will be decades, if ever, before love marriages dominate worldwide. In India, the trend is specific to the middle class of 350 million, not to the 70% of the country that remains rural. But the trend is undeniable, says Barua, whose niece began a love marriage on Feb. 2 with an Indian working for Citibank. Chambravalli and Mishra say if they have children, they also will be allowed to search for true love. In the meantime, Mom and Dad will be on the lookout. Plan A and Plan B, Mishra says. It seems like the neighbouring country Pakistan has been much influenced with this breakout of love marriages too. Similarity of Indian and Pakistani Mindset This section of the literature review focuses on how the Pakistani society and its mindset is similar to that of India which has led us to use most of our secondary research with regard to the Indian population. The fact that India and Pakistan have shared the same history coupled with the reality that both nations stand next to each other in the topographical location of the world map alone can point out how similar the thinking of these nations can be at one point in time and this section specifically focuses on the aspects through which the mindsets of the populations of these two nations can be hold similar. Originally, Pakistan and India have been a part of the same Indus civilization which has led them to having similar experiences and influences across decades. Before separation, Pakistan and India shared the same goal of freedom against the colonial rule and they were united in their fight against the British. Because of the division, a multitude of issues occurred regarding the distribution of power and dominance over the new nations and these resulted in frustration which turned the countries bitter towards each other. (India and Pakistan historic conflict and future outlooks, 2003). India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, all comprised the sub-continent at that time and the people residing in Hindustan lived together except the religious and cultural differences that had led to extremely brutal reactions and vast bloodshed at times, but this is only one side of the story the other side sticks to the fact that before the arrival of east India company in 1600 a mental asylum was created which reflects the sense of hospitability among the population there to take care of the mentally ill people as well as their society (S Sharma, 10/1984 ). This sense of love and affection is still present in both Pakistani and Indian community when residents of both countries visit the one another  [i]  . Furthermore, the established fact that the people of Pakistan came from the subcontinent makes it likely that the mind set of both the nations is parallel. Politically, both the countries have more or less a similar government structure consisting of the head of the country as the President, followed by the head of the government known as the prime minister and elected ministers who are answerable to the prime ministers. Despite the coups and political violations in both the countries, they manage to hold democratic elections. Due to all the similarities in their political framework, working alongside each other would be a lot less of a hassle as there are no starkly alien political systems to contend with. The economic structures of both the countries also hold a lot of similarities. The rates of unemployment and inflation are around 6% in both the countries. Indias 63% of workforce is concentrated mainly in the production primary goods and is self sufficient in food grains and it also produces cotton, tea, sugarcane, tobacco for export. Similarly, Pakistan also has more than 50% of its population involved in agriculture and the rates of labor involved in secondary and tertiary activities in both the countries are also similar which indicate high success rates of free trade agreements if both the countries agree for it.  [1]   As per the similarities among their cities, the two extreme ends of poverty and wealth in the city of Bombay bear a strange resemblance to that of the two extremes of living standards in Karachi. Bombay, like Karachi, is an industrial port city, plagued by over population, with colonial architecture dominating certain parts of town, and only the distance of 500 miles separating the two cities. The affinity between the two cities is not confined to the infrastructure and the living habitat, but even the afternoon breeze racing in from the sea at the verandah of the Bombay Gymkhana, is a de ja vu of the experience at the Karachi Gymkhana. Focusing on the differences between Bombay and Karachi, the most attention drawing aspect is the absence of statues in Karachi. We have monuments of fountains and swords and mountaintops in the middle of a landslide depicting Pakistans first successful nuclear test in 1998 but unlike Bombay, we have no statues of people. And then there is the city of Madras, which is a city that belongs clearly to the same region as Karachi and that is where their similarities end. The realization of being present in Southern India when in Madras is inevitable at all times, as Pakistanis, our association is stronger with the Northern India. For the students (of Stella Maris College), when asked which South Asian country they most strongly associated with, responded unanimously as Pakistan in complete contradiction to anyones expectations. When enquired as to why the students correlate with Pakistan, they replied that Pakistan had been a part of India. And when asked if they felt the same affinity towards Bangladesh, they declined profusely. (India and Pakistan historic conflict and future outlooks, 2003) To conclude, the mindset of both the nations can be attributed to be similar because of the sole reason that their forefathers have spent years together which has made their traditions, political systems, economic stances as being similar. It is the matter of self interest which has made the two countries apart like Kashmir issue is one where a conflict of interest between both the nations is seen. Apart from that religion has always been a major source of division and this is one subject where definitely no consensus can be reached as everybody has a right to religion. Models of Marriage Marriages can be put in four categories in Pakistan. There are: Partially Arranged Marriages Partially Love Marriages Totally Arranged Marriages Totally Love Marriages Totally arranged marriages and totally love marriages are two extreme forms of marriages and between these two extremes are Partially arranged and partially love marriages in which parents may take their selection and give their children the option to accept or reject their choice. Broadly these can fall under the two types of marriages (in India and Pakistan): Arranged and Love, as explained by Kavita Ramdya in her book Bollywood Weddings. These models are diametrically opposed. Love marriage will often involve a whimsical and incidental meeting followed by months and often years of dating. The arranged marriage excludes dating altogether and rarely allows for more than one meeting before the wedding day. When the boy and girl, words used to describe prospective marriage candidates despite their age, profession, or education, meet for the  ¬Ã‚ rst time, it is usually in a highly-regulated environment where both sets of parents sit in the same room accompanied by supportive extend ed family members. A wedding follows shortly thereafter, making it the second time the couple is allowed to see each other and after which the husband and wife embark on years of dating or getting to know one another without the nagging possibility of rejection. In the middle class, often family members stay on a lookout finding a suitable match, or a number of suitable matches. Then, the families meet to see if things work out. Long before this happens, though, the young men and women are carefully vetted for likes and dislikes, traits in common, complementary characteristics, and any other information that can be discovered and deemed relevant. Often, the process is much more informal, with the families in the community already knowing much about each other, and having already decided what could be potentially good pairings, and which may well be disastrous. The two opposed models of marriage are negotiated by the present generation as observed by Kavita Ramdya. Her examination led her to discover a middle path, which she called arranged meetings. Arranged meetings is an already negotiated and well-established third model for marrying. The second generation uses this method to  ¬Ã‚ lter out prospective marital candidates who do not have the right ethnic, religious, linguistic, and regional traits desired by their parents. In this way, neither arranged nor love marriage are excluded and the needs and desires of both generations are respected. The  ¬Ã‚ rst generation is still involved in  ¬Ã‚ nding a suitable partner for their child, whether through introductions by family and friends, or placing an ad on-line or in a newspaper. Additionally, candidates who do not come from the same religious sect, speak the desired dialect are cast away before a set of eligible prospects are considered. (Ramdya) Prevalence of Arranged Marriages Family forms the building block of a society. Human beings in turn follow the standards and norms set by the society to lead a perfect life. But everything is prone to change and so are the values and standards set by a society. In the same way, the ways of getting married are changing at a noticeable but slow pace. East is known for its traditions. Many countries in the East have been practicing arranged marriages since long. It is a known fact that love marriages are more common in the west than in the eastern countries. In Pakistan, marriages are most of the time arranged by family members. The reason is that the Pakistani society preserves family continuity through arranged marriages. collectivist societies like Pakistan prefer group decision over an individual one so marriages are a family affair rather than an individual one, and children are brought up to expect arranged marriages. It is seen that children can have veto power in few families but normally it is expected that the parents and other family members should commence and settle on the matter. In this society, marriage is not merely based on love relationships but family economics and social needs play a great role. Changing Trend of Marriages A couple of decades ago arranged marriage was the only known way to get married. But today it is not so. We see many Pakistani girls  and guys marrying by their own choice instead of that of their family. Love marriages are becoming more and more acceptable. Most of the marriages are arranged in Pakistan but some of the marriages are also based on love. Love marriages have been taking place in Pakistan in the last few years with the influx of western cultures and invasion of electronic media. Due to family obligations the trends of compromising and striving to sustain relationships have become the hallmark of eastern culture. However, this fact could not be denied that these trends are eroding day by day. People realize that the traditional system of totally arranged marriages needs to be adjusted. Partially arranged and partially love marriages are supported by the state religion. Today the exposure to various stimuli through the media has increased awareness. The improved education system could also be held responsible for this change. As compared to the previous years, the literacy rate among the Pakistani Women has increased by leaps and bounds over the past couple of decades. Education gives exposure and a sense of enlightenment. Women have become opinionated and smart. Many young women are given the right to exercise their choice in choosing a partner and the family members accept and support their decision. Dating agencies are emerging and proclaiming that although compatible partners inclined to marriage cant be picked off a supermarket shelf, they can be found on a website. Most work on the false assertion that a good profile and an insignificant  financial investment  is the only obstacle standing between you and the love of your life. If they are to be believed, a couple of cheesy emails can determine your compatibility. In a typical electronic dating set-up, the average person role plays in a desperate bid to make an impression.   It seems that love marriages are trending but we cannot deny the fact that the practice of an arranged marriage still heavily prevails in our society. Many times, the young individuals prefer not to take the decision themselves and they rely upon the family to find the best match for them. Gender Interaction The gender interactions part focuses on the evolving nature of interactions between male and female students and the resultant effect of this change on their marriage choices. Title: Student Attitude toward Mate selection in a Muslim Society: Pakistan Author: Henry Korson Journal: (Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1969), pp. 153-165) The study was conducted on 765 participants in two universities of Pakistan (University of Karachi and University of Punjab) and provides a treasure trove of vital insights into how marriage was viewed by students in urban Pakistan 40 years ago. The study results showed that atleast a quarter of respondents believed that the choice of life-partner should be left to them, while another quarter wanted their parents to consult them before making the final decision. This showed that over 50% of the respondents in that era wanted to have a say in the final decision of their life-partner. Another question that was asked was if the respondents would make a completely independent choice when it comes to marriage to which only 3.8% respondents replied positively. 17.1% female respondents from Karachi and 16.7% female respondents from Lahore also believed that their parents would arrange their marriage without consulting them. This is in contrast to the 45% female respondents from Karachi and 52% female respondents from Lahore who said their families will accept their opinions on the life-partner. Keeping in mind that these are graduate students from the 1960s when education for women was still at a nascent stage in Pakistan, they can only be classified as a minority. The women belonged to wealthy, forward-thinking families who were amongst the first to educate their daughters and thus had a progressive mindset. They were open to the idea of their daughters having a say in their own marriage decision but were not yet willing to accept their daughters to have complete cont rol over the decision. This is reflected by the fact that only 9.8% of female students from Karachi and 6.3% of female students from Lahore believed that their families would accept their decision of marriage if it was their own personal initiative. One of the most interesting statistic provided by this study revealed that upto 30% of the sample believed that meeting ones spouse before marriage was unnecessary. Females from Karachi (44%) and Lahore (47%) showed a great liking to this option thus showing confidence in their parents ability to choose the right spouse for them. This mindset is unthinkable amongst most contemporary university students of Karachi and Lahore who are more independent compared to their counterparts of yesteryears. The combination of higher education, globalization and media local, Bollywood and western has resulted in a mindset where the choice of life partner is no more the sole domain of the individuals parents. Moreover, the need to meet the prospective spouse whether alone, with mutual friends or with family has become paramount before the final decision is made. Students today believe that couples should have understanding and this can only be gauged if there is some level of interaction before the marriage. The above mentioned statistic was further reinforced when the students were asked about the optimum length of time for knowing ones future spouse before marriage. Although a quarter of the respondents did say that knowing ones future spouse for about 6 months is necessary, the majority of these respondents were male. 34.5% of female respondents from Karachi and 27.1% of female respondents from Lahore were of the view that there was no need to know ones spouse before marriage again indicating confidence in their parents ability to choose a spouse who was appropriate for them. The conclusions that Korson derives are insightful and can be used to explain todays phenomena of how traditional arranged marriages are wearing away. Korson says that because most families live in extended households, the presence of senior members of the family prevent any young student from initiating any change which runs counter to the belief systems held by the senior members. Uncles, aunts, grand-parents ensure that the parents conservative view is supported and reinforced within the family. This is primarily because of the belief that if one person is given leeway in deciding their marriage decision, others in the family will follow suit, thus creating disorder and depriving the senior members of their authority. Korson further states that male respondents showed greater self-assurance and liberality in their responses whereas majority of females favoured conservative options. This is probably because of both males and females already understanding their own personal situations. He believed their answers on what they believed will happen with them with respect to marriage were based on the experience of someone close (sibling, cousin, friend) who had already been married and the respondents belief that their marriage will be conducted in the same manner because they belonged to the same caste, class or family. The last and most notable finding that Korson reveals is that the Pakistani university system is based on Western education and that in the race to achieving higher education (and resultant higher social standing), people are bound to be in touch with Western values and principles and to be influenced by them. The mindset of collectivism that is the root of traditional arranged marriages where it is popularly said that families marry each other will gradually and eventually be trumped by the Western ideal of individualism students will begin to make their marriage decisions based on their own personal liking instead of following age-old conservative customs entrenched in their baradaries . Today this mindset of individualism has taken hold in the mindset of urban educated youth who are striving to ensure that their decision be respected and upheld when it comes to marriage. The Western education system in combination with media (primarily progressive and romantic Bollywood films of the last decade and a half) have led the youth to question the conservative practices that were previously held with much respect. Title: Attitudes of University Students from India Toward Marriage and Family Life Authors: Vicki T. Davis and Raghu N. Singh Journal: International Journal of Sociology of the Family 1989, Vol. 19 (Autum) : 43-57 In this research, 83 Indian students in Texas Universities were asked about their opinions on marriage and family life. The report says that many social institutions in India have faced constant and gradual change. In India, the family is a very sacred institution and ranks second in importance after religion (Rao Rao, 1975). Many researches have been conducted to explore the impact of higher education on family patterns. When people go abroad to study, they experience greater freedom to make their own decisions and are no more bound by the controls of their families, and develop individuality, which may affect all family patterns of dwelling (Ross, 1961). In Rao Raos study (1976), 65% college students preferred nuclear families as compared to 35% supporting joint families. A study by Sharma and Shriram (1979) surveyed 25 newly married Indian couples about their opinions on the selection of marriage partners. The importance of interaction with their future partners was stressed by 80% of the respondents. These couples believed it was necessary to meet, socialize with, and have the opportunity to truly get to know the potential marriage partner. The majority of the couples also thought that the main choice in the selection of the marital partner should be made by the individuals, with consent of the parents. When the same kind of questions were asked of graduate students in Pakistan in 1969, 65% believed it was important to meet and know ones potential spouse before marriage. 30% of the respondents believed that there was no need to meet the future spouse, thus indicating their confidence in their parents ability to find them a suitabl e match (Korson, 1969) Author: Lord, Keelin (2007) Title: Romantic Love vs. Marriage: A Psychoanalytic Approach, Journal: ESSAI: Vol. 5, Article 30. The research by Keelin Lord questions and critcizes Western countries for promoting the concept of love marriage and explains the reasons behind the failure of love marriages and the rising number of divorces in America. Although there are many reasons why Pakistanis oppose the concept of love marriage including difference in social status between families, loss of parental authority and conservative mindset, the fact that love marriages lose their charm soon after the wedding is also an important factor. The writer says that the vehicle for promoting romance in American culture is its cinema industry. Romantic love has been portrayed in visual arts of western culture for centuries, such as operas, plays, dramas, paintings and films. Although these arts directly influence culture, most view art as an illusion as well as an escape from reality. Yet Americans still believe that romantic love is tangible and serves as a solid base for marriage. The writer further goes on to say that instead of taking romantic love as granted, it should be questioned and its mistakes should be learned from otherwise it will continue to be the cause of failed marriages. The writer conducted scientific tests on a number of participants to explain how the concept of love holds in an individuals mind. The tests revealed that romantic love is associated with higher levels of dopamine being released to the brain resulting in increased energy, higher motivation to acquite rewards and feelings of ecstasy things that people relate to romantic love. However, with time the feelings of romance fade away because of increased levels of the hormone oxytocin. Keeping these findings in mind, when romance is a base for marriage and attachment, the romance fades shortly after vows and the craving for a new romantic relationship evolves. In realizing this, one would begin to question why peoples now look for romance to provide them with a happy marriage. Primary Research Methodology Focus Group Interview Survey The survey sample was 66, with the age group being 17-26 years. 31 males were part of the survey and 35 females. This is the data that was obtained for whether the sample people thought there has been an increased acceptance of love marriages in our society. Do you think there has been an acceptance of love marriages in our society? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 55 83.3 83.3 No 11 16.7 100.0 Total 66 100.0 83.3% of the people (55 people) felt that there has been an increased acceptance of love marriages in our society and 16.6% (11 people) did not feel so. Of the 55 people who felt there was an increased acceptance, 28 were females and 27 males. And there was no correlation between gender and their opinion regarding acceptance of love marriages though, as analyzed by the Pearson correlation. When asked about whether Bollywood has played a role in the increasing number of love marriages amongst youth in Pakistan, 71.2% of people felt that it has had a role to play (47 people). Of these 47 people, 22 were males and 25 were females. Do you believe Bollywood movies have a role to play in the increasing number of love marriages amongst youth in Pakistan? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 47 71.2 71.2 No 19 28.8 28.8 100.0 Total 66 100.0 One person said As far as I have seen, Bollywood movies have created this fantasy-like image of love marriages in the minds of youth and lead to our youth to aspi