Intellectual Property Essay

1) Compare and complexity the contrasting insurance offered by the law of licenses and the law of copyright. As you would like to think, are these distinctions incidental or do they have a sound business or legitimate premise ? Licensed innovation rights are selective rights for their proprietors. Outsiders are then commonly precluded from the utilization or misuse of what is avoided by these rights. It is to be explained that it is proposed to concentrate exclusively on copyrights and licenses. Trademark, privacy and structures, the other primary sorts of licensed innovation are past the extent of this paper. There is one basic approach to grasp the two ideas of licenses and copyrights. From one viewpoint patent are rights over a development. A creation is the aftereffect of thinking. It is the creation of some new or improved procedure or items that are both not clear for an individual gifted in the field and helpful. Then again, copyrights are rights that ensure workmanship when all is said in done, craftsmanship being any results of human's imaginative exercises gave that more than trifling work has been finished. The patent law can be viewed as an imposing business model made by parliament. In the year 1623 the Statute of Monopolies pronounced that all restraining infrastructures are void and of no impact. In any case, a special case was made for the future fabulous of patent for the term of fourteen years to the main designer gave it was not in opposition to reason of raising cost or prohibitive of exchange. These days, it is essentially similar rules that are applied. The copyright law can be viewed as an approach to limitation exchange conceded by Parliament. In 1709, the Copyright Act gave a creator the restrictive right of printing his labor for a long time. On the off chance that the law has broadened, similar ideas are as yet applied. The principal point is the contrast between what is controlled by patent and copyright. Patent law is ensuring developments. Patent Act 1977 characterized an innovation as something new in this manner which doesn't shape some portion of the cutting edge (s. 2(1))1. The cutting edge being what was made accessible to the general population in any capacity before the need date of the patent (s. 2(2))2, this date compare to the date of filling on which certain conventions are fulfilled. The inquiry to be posed so as to know whether it was a piece of the craftsmanship isn't whether a data has really been gotten to however whether data could have been gotten to earlier the filling date. An old representation of this would be the situation of Lang v Gisborne3. According to a book, the inquiry was whether the data was accessible and not whether the book had really been sold. In this way we have to characterize what is translated as accessible to the general population. In the Windsurfer4 case, a multi year old kid, who constructed a sailboard and utilized it in broad daylight during his days off, had been sufficient to make this creation accessible to general society. Additionally, in evaluating if an exposure of data is sufficient; it will be viewed as whether the individual gifted in the workmanship will have the option to complete preliminary and tests to get to the creation (Synthon5). The last principle obstacle for the obtention of a patent will be the prerequisite of creativity. A creative advance is one that isn't evident to an individual gifted in the workmanship (s. 3)6 and whether there is an imaginative advance or not needs to be chosen without knowing the past (Haberman v Jackel7). An individual 1 Patents Act 1977 s. 2(1) Patents Act 1977 s. 2(2) 3 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) 4 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA 5 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 6 Patents Act 1977 s. 7 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The occasions 21 January 1999 2 1 talented in the workmanship has been portrayed as an alumni or designer in the field worried about a couple of long periods of experience (Dyson v Hoover8) , it was likewise held that it ought to be a â€Å"composite entity†, as such a group of graduate and architect (General Tire and Rubber Co v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co Ltd9). Moreover, a creati on should be equipped for modern application which is infrequently an issue. It will be broke down thusly in the event that it tends to be created or utilized in any sort of industry, including farming (s. )10. At long last, a creation is patentable if not having a place with one of the barred issue. A disclosure, logical hypothesis, numerical technique, a plan, rule or strategy for playing out a psychological demonstration and playing a game or working together are avoided (s. 1(2))11. Some others fascinating prohibitions exist, for example, a scholarly, emotional, melodic or aesthetic work or some other stylish creation, a program for a PC and the introduction of data. These avoidances are fascinating in light of the fact that they structure some portion of what is liable to copyright, so what is ensured by copyright. For sure, copyright remain alive in unique abstract, emotional, melodic or creative works, sound accounts, movies or broadcasting and typographical plan of distributed version (s. 1)12. Similarly as with patent, a copyright need to satisfy certain standards so as to be allowed. There is a prerequisite of inventiveness that applies to scholarly, melodic, emotional and imaginative works however not to sound chronicle, movies or communicate. On account of Univeristy of London Press13, it was built up that the work must not be duplicated from another work however ought to begin from the creator else it will encroach. On the off chance that the creator has spent adequate level of ability, work and judgment to set up inventiveness then his work would have the option to be secured by copyright. In any case, regularly there is no necessity with respect to that quality. Accordingly, there is no necessity that a work ought to really have scholarly worth (Univeristy of London Press)14, it must be more than de minimis with the goal that solitary words won't be secured by copyright (Exxon Corp)15. On a similar line, there is no necessity of value or value of music as long as the sounds are not very straightforward and insignificant. Besides, aesthetic works need not to introduce any legitimacy (Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest)16. At long last, the security offered by copyright just ensures works that have been communicated in substantial configuration. So as to have possession in the copyright, it is essential to have the option to demonstrate initiation, regularly by delivering the first production of the work. In the event that the procedure to get a copyright is by all accounts a straightforward and short procedure the procedure to acquire a patent is long and entangled. A conventional enrollment is required, must be done inside the UK Patent Office. One could state that is to permit creators which don't have a place with a huge organization to be secured effectively with copyright when they make their unique work in a Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA 9 General Tire and Rubber Co v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 10 Patents Act 1977 s. 4 11 Patents Act 1977 s. 1(2) 12 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 1 13 University of London Press Ltd v. College Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 14 University of London Press Ltd v. College Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 15 Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 16 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 8 2 angible organization. It is the reason copyright is an acknowledged hypothesis and seen as a restricted monopoly17. Such syndication is important to advance â€Å"the three degree of rivalry in current business, which are creation utilization and innovation’’18. On the opposite patent secures huge companies’ creation. It is reasonable for require more conventions from them to get an assurance as they can call enormous assets and offices. Numerous means must be followed yet just a concise clarification will be given as it is an unpredictable territory. The most significant thing is the particular that must be made (s. 4(2))19. The particular should be extremely exact. It will depict the creation in a reasonable and finished manner with the goal that the development can be performed by an individual talented in the workmanship (s. 14(3))20. Accordingly the particular ought to clarify what has been made, the issues that the development understands, how the innovation contrasts from what has been made previously. It has been clarified beforehand how the patent and copyright spread distinctive subject, so that, for instance, music is secured by copyright and the Dyson component of vacuum cleaner is ensured by patent. In the event that they spread distinctive region, they likewise give insurance in rather various habits. In the patent law, there are two primary encroachments, encroachment of a procedure, encroachment of an item by process licenses and encroachment of an item. There is an encroachment by a gathering when a gathering utilize a procedure and when the gathering more likely than not known or it probably been clear in the condition that the utilization of the procedure would encroach the patent (s. 60(1)(b))21. For item licenses, the aim is insignificant (Procter v. Bennis)22. Just the patentee has the privilege to discard the item, which is deciphered principally as the option to sell the item (s. 60(1)(a))23. Note that it doesn't bar the option to sell the item sometime in the not too distant future, this is the tenet of weariness. Similarly, he is the one in particular who can import the item. An encroachment will be established on the off chance that somebody imports an item when in exchange. The option to save the item for removal or in any case is likewise a restrictive right of the patentee. In conclusion, the most significant is the option to make the item. It has been held, that changes or fixes of a protected item could be encroachment too (United Wire)24. It is conceivable to contrast the translation in United Wire with the proprietor's privileges of a copyright over adjustments of the first work. The copyright proprietor of a melodic, sensational or scholarly work is the just one to reserve the privilege to make an adjustment of the work (s. 16(1))25. An adjustment will be deciphered as such just in the event that it identifies with a considerable piece of the copyright work (Sillitoe)26. The rights

Initial Personal Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Beginning Personal Development Plan Essay Study aptitudes. During my GCSEs I wasn’t sure what I deeply desired. I decided to contemplate French, Graphics and History. I delighted in French the most and did very well in it, be that as it may in the event that I had thought more I could’ve improved. I was additionally working in my dads’ cafã ©. I appreciated working at the cafã © a great deal. It was hard now and again to deal with my time between School, working at the cafã ©, going to football training and furthermore making time to do schoolwork and update. In class I lived it up a great deal and completed my work quick so proceeded to do additional inquiry or ‘bonus questions’. At the point when I was in the study hall condition I felt more comrade in my work as I had the instructor to twofold check in the event that I had any questions but since I didn’t go over my work at home I feel it put me extremely behind .However shuffling school, work, football and correction was exceptionally upsetting and I didn’t do well too I would have loved which placed training in a negative light for me. I considered at one point to stop my instruction in the wake of leaving school while I was at school since I didn’t trust I would have the option to deal with the weight, anyway I realized that training is a major piece of my life and my family’s life as everybody has been to college in my family so I believed I needed to head off to college and further my instruction. Through this time my educators were extremely useful, I thought that it was difficult to request from the start yet when I sought exhortation it was unquestionably the correct decision. It made it more clear what I needed in the long haul and helped support my certainty a piece in my work. After school had completed, in the mid year I worked all day in my dads’ cafã © and took in a ton of new aptitudes. I worked at the front of the shop. This made me responsible for taking requests, ensuring the clients were upbeat, ensuring the culinary expert comprehended what the client needed, manage grievance s and think of a reasonable arrangement. I got the opportunity to encounter what it’s like to maintain a business direct, I got involvement with assessing the situation, requesting stock, conveyances, money taking care of, making targets, pushing deals, client care and sifting through the rotas. This was my first time having an appropriate all day work, it was hard on occasion as toward the starting it another condition and I wasn’t accustomed to it, anyway I before long understood that one of my qualities is that I can adjust to new situations rather quick which has helped me in different occupations. While at school I considered Psychology, Sociology and English language/writing. I favored brain science to my different subjects as I discover conduct intriguing and the reason behind it. Learning at school was a totally new condition, I didn’t have a similar weight as I did at school from my instructors, yet anyway I had more weight on me to complete my work on my done. I found low maintenance line of w ork as deals aide in a mens shirt shop. The activity was a one individual move work, so it was all dependent upon me to make deals, going to all the clients, ensuring the shop was in a selling state. I before long moved from being only a business right hand to boss which gave me greater duty, I opened and shut the shop, money taking care of, did the banking, requesting stock, arranging the conveyance and arranging the rota. Again working and considering was very unpleasant, however as I was making the most of my courses at school I didn't discover it as distressing as I did at school. I had more opportunity and furthermore additional time so I had the option to deal with my time much better without the weight. With regards to my qualities and shortcomings, I now and then feel my qualities can by my shortcomings. I have a solid feeling of sympathy which makes it much simpler for me to coexist for with various individuals and have the option to speak with them on their level. Likewise having the option to communicate in more than one language has helped as well, I communicate in English, Kurdish, Arabic and a touch of Swedish. Having a solid feeling of compassion can be a shortcoming as I can be excessively lovely towards individuals and can be a push over, yet I can persevere if need be. I am exceptionally solid about my ethics and I realize where to draw a line between what’s good and bad. I trust perhaps the greatest quality is my self control. I’m extremely determined with regards to my work, when I’m in a selling situation I’m entirely agreeable. Now and again I am excessively determined and I can disregard things as an afterthought. Being a very objective arranged individual I at times neglect to live it up and invest a lot of energy accomplishing my objectives. Seeking the center east a locale that is exceptionally wealthy in oil and gas, I am roused to work in the field. Not a lot of individuals from my piece of the world work in dealing with our nearby assets, I wish to have the option to work overseeing oil and gas and guarantee all citizenry profit by the wealth of the business. One of my life’s dreams is to open a shelter and instruct the less blessed. I immovably accept that an instruction is the best way to annihilate the social ills influencing my area. I am a firm adherent to the way that training is the remedy for all disasters. I trust by instructing myself as a ladies from a locale where training isn't normal I want to ready to take care of myself in order to have the option to help other people better themselves.

Upcoming deadlines for external scholarships, and graduate fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Upcoming deadlines for external scholarships, and graduate fairs COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Scholarship Opportunities The SIPA Financial Aid Office maintains a database of external funding opportunities, and we wanted to alert students to some upcoming application deadlines. For more external scholarship awards, visit our External Fellowships and Funding Sources page. La Unidad Latina Foundation    Graduate students working on community programs which aid in the civic empowerment and educational improvement of the Latino community may apply. Deadline: October 18, 2019 Bush Foundation Fellowship    Applicants must be at least 24 years old at the time of the application deadline and lived for one continuous year immediately prior to the application deadline in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, or one of the 23 Native  nations that shares the same geographic area with these states. Deadline: October 24, 2019 Harvey Fellows Program   Applicants must be Christian graduate students  who possess a unique vision to impact society through their fields and who are pursuing graduate studies at premier institutions (top five) in their disciplines in the United States or abroad. Deadline: November 1, 2019 Soros Fellowships for New Americans  Applicants must be immigrants or children of immigrants â€"who are poised to make significant contributions to US society, culture, or their academic field. Deadline: November 1, 2019 American Association of University Women International Fellowship    Applicants must be women pursuing full-time graduate or postdoctoral study in the U.S. who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Deadline: November 15, 2019 Navajo Nation Scholarship   Navajo students attending graduate school may apply. Deadline: November 25, 2019 Admissions Graduate Fairs Opportunities Admissions representatives (me, specifically!) will be at these upcoming graduate school fairs: Idealist Grad Fair Los Angeles,  October 14 Idealist Grad Fair San Francisco, October 15 Idealist Grad Fair Seattle, October 17 If youre near the Columbia University campus, take advantage of our Class Visit opportunities this semester. Check if well be in a city near you anytime soon our team is travelling globally to meet excellent candidates like you. If you cant make it to see us in person, were holding virtual information sessions too: Group of 4 Schools Virtual Info Session, November 14 SIPA MIA, MPA, MPA-DP Virtual Info Session, November 18 SIPA MIA, MPA, MPA-DP Virtual Info Session, December 12 I look forward to meeting yall, whether its in-person or online.

The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams - 2140 Words

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams is a play that represents the revelation of truth, the struggle of accepting reality, and the realization of possession. We focus in on the Wingfield family consisting of the mother, Amanda, her daughter, Laura, her son, Tom, and her absent husband that ran off years ago, but still holds a presence in the household despite his absence. Considering that this play was set in the 40’s and deals with issues that the present society does not face, it seems that this play has become â€Å"irrelevant† to us. Although, it is more relevant than ever before due to today’s society’s suppression of inner struggles just as the Wingfield family does. In 2014 modern day, the world is suffocating with laptops, games, phones, and other little distractions that cripple us from properly communicating with other people and with ourselves. This is a direct parallel to Laura’s life and her precious glass menagerie’s that s he holds dear to heart, which forms as the true crippling crutch in her life, not her brace. I began my dramaturgical approach to this conclusion by first, reading the play, researching the core themes about the play and characters lives, and thus correlating it to our modern day lives. The Glass Menagerie first premiered on the stage of the Playhouse Theatre in New York City on March 31st, 1945. Before the play had premiered, it turns out that Williams’ was extremely stressed for the opening because the actress portraying Amanda, â€Å"TaylorShow MoreRelatedThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams985 Words   |  4 Pageshardly catch it going. ¨ This quote by the author of The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams, describes both The Glass Menagerie, a memory play, and the life of Tennessee Williams himself, for whom memories played a large role in his life. Within the play, many parallels can be drawn between the life of Williams and the life of Tom, the main character, such as a disdain for factory work. In addition, several characters in The Glass Menagerie have a difficult time fitting into the roles that theirRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams was a renowned Pulitzer Prize-winning playwriter for his numerous plays throughout his career. One of such plays is The Glass Menagerie. After perfecting his play for many years, The Glass Menagerie was first introduced to Broadway on March 31, 1945. As a young writer, Williams lived vicariously through his plays. Throughout this play in particular, there are several allegories that pertain to Williams life. Although Williams had a relatively happy childhood, his life changedRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his family, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams932 Words   |  4 Pages THE GLASS MENAGERIE Name Instructor Institution Course Date The Glass Menagerie Tennessee Williams, the author in the play †The Glass Menagerie† that is based on his life that presents characters that, as caught animals in an cage, live in woeful states and just wish to unravel themselves from this state (Fisher, 2010). The primary clash in the story emerges through their longing to encounter a different world, but their condition opens them to life s unforgiving realities. LifeRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe outside world The Glass Menagerie is very interesting because William s play relates to alot of people and their situations, people can learn alot from it alot whether they connect to Amanda and her past or to Laura and her lack of confidence and being in a world of her own or to Tom and his internal conflict about abandoning his family or staying with them. Laura s life is all about her glass menageries what happens when her glass unicorn breaks? What happens when a gentlemanRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1619 Words   |  7 PagesIsolation is prevalent in â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† by Tennessee Williams. This is presented in symbols such as blue roses and the glass unicorn, for they are imagined objects and only existent in another fantasy world. Williams incorporates such arcane symbols to draw out his characters, Amanda, Laura, and Tom, and how they cope with confinement. Most importantly, the symbols of the play represent how isolation debilita tes them psychologically in an attempt to connect with reality. The jonquils representRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee William1014 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† of Tennessee William, he wrote a drama play to emphasize readers about the life is at a standstill the Wingfield family. Through of the Wingfield family, he uses many symbols which represent many things, but the important main symbolization is fire escape that shows three main characters; Tom Wingfield, his fire escape is the way out of Amanda and Laura. Amanda Wingfield, hope gentlemen callers to enter their lives, and Laura Wingfield, who wants in her own worldRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesIn Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, there is a collection of glass animal figurines that belong to Laura. Laura uses those figurines to escape her reality. The â€Å"glass menagerie† is also a metaphor because all of the characters have a metaphorical glass menagerie that they use to escape their reality. Tom escapes his reality by going to the movies, drinking, and writing poetry. Tom says, â€Å"I go to the movies because – I like adventure†¦ something I don’t have much of at work† (Williams 33)Read MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams867 Words   |  4 Pagesdraw the line between getting what you want and doing what you are obligated to do? In The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, the main characters are torn between fulfilling their desires and aligning with their role in society. On the surface, Amanda Wingfield plays the role of a caring mother that would do anything in her children’s best interest. However, according to the play, â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†, you should never be fooled by the â€Å"Illusion of the truth.† She indeed values her children’s

Global Warming A Potential Solution - 1330 Words

Bioremediation: A potential solution to reduce our footprint Industrialized societies are now tormented by several pollution problems that were largely unknown prior to WWII. Prominent among these problems is environmental pollution of xenobiotic synthetic chemicals that fail to be recycled by microorganism and may be biomagnified with destructive effects. Also, deforestation, land conversion, overhunting and the burning of fossil fuels are other human’s activities that impact negatively our ecosystem. Contributing to global warming, the devastation of the coral reefs, wildlife reduction, soil erosion and pollution. Contributing to global warming, the devastation of the coral reefs, wildlife reduction, soil erosion and pollution. An†¦show more content†¦Microbial metabolism in soils is essential for maintaining soil fertility and for plant growth. Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to remove pollutants. For bioremediation to be considered as an applicable technology for cleanup of a pollutant, it is necessary to show that the chemical or chemical mixture is biodegradable and that the process of bioremediation will not result in an inconvenient ecological side effects. However, various factors influence the ecological proliferation and functioning of microbial populations. Microorganism have upper and lower tolerance limits as well as optima in respect to temperature, radiation, pressure, salinity, water activity, pH, and redox potential. These factors are the same ones that limits the power of bioremediation as a technique to reduce the accumulation of pollutants. The two general approaches to bioremediation approaches are environmental modification, such as through nutrient application and aeration, and the addiction of appropriate xenobiotic degraders by seeding. The end products of affective bioremediation include water and carbon dioxide that are nontoxic and can be accommodated without harm to the environment. Using bioremediation to remove pollutants is inexpensive compared to physical methods for decontaminating the environment. Whereas conventional technologies call for moving large quantities of toxic waste-contaminated soil to incinerators, bioremediationShow MoreRelatedProfessor Richard S. Lindzen Is Among Those Who See Climate1265 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Earth’s warming. There are a number of factors that need to be considered when finding the causes of warming including the sun, clouds, oceans, orbital variations of the Earth, none of which are fully understood which leads to a lack of evidence supporting the idea that CO 2 emissions are the primary reason for warming (Lindzen, 6). Earth s climate has always fluctuated in temperature from warmth and cold, and the measurements/recordings from the twentieth century rise in global temperature isRead MoreGlobal Warming: Contemporary Issues Companion1526 Words   |  7 Pages(IPCC), a group of scientific experts assembled by the United Nations, released a frightening report on the potential consequences of the climate phenomenon known as global warming. The panel found that the 1990s had been the warmest decade on record and predicted that temperatures will rise anywhere from 2.5 to 10.4 degrees around the world over the next century, causing changes to global weather patterns. Indeed, unusual and frequently destructive weather had been occurring around the globe: twenty-sevenRead MoreGlobal Warming Argumentative Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Myth or Fact? The Global Warming theory has become increasingly popular over the past few years. 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The burning of fossil fuels, which are essential to most forms of human power, releasesRead MoreGlobal Warming Argumentative Paper1598 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Myth or Fact? PHI 103: Informal Logic October 25, 2009 Global Warming: Myth or Fact? Thesis: The Global Warming theory has become increasingly popular over the past few years. Citizens of the world are being encouraged to be more environmentally conscious by others including politicians, celebrities, and world organizations. The problem with the theory lies in the fact that it has become more and more controversial as it gains publicity and attention. The basic conceptRead MoreGlobal Warming : The Rise Of The Earth s Average Surface Temperature Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesLinzi Smith Patrick Wilson English 1101 4 December 2016 Global Warming Global warming can be defined as the rise of the â€Å"Earth’s average surface temperature† (Riebeek par. 2). Many scientists focus their careers on researching the causes, effects, and solutions of this phenomenon. While global warming is still considered highly controversial topic, there is research and statistics that help explain global warming is happening. Global warming is significant to not only to the lives of people todayRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It i s time to view the global warming concernsRead MoreThe Role Of Anthropocene And Its Effects On The World1146 Words   |  5 Pageshalf of Earth s terrestrial surface has been altered due to human activity, resulting in drastic deforestation, erosion and loss of topsoil, biodiversity loss, and extinction (Marine Bio, 2016). Global warming is the biggest problem that Earth is facing at this moment. Some causes and effects of global warming are deforestation, ocean acidification, burning of fossil fuels, and greenhouse gas emissions. Through the burning of fossil fuels, we are reversing geological history. During the Gulf oil spillRead MoreDesertification,Drought and Loss of Arable Land Due to Global Warming567 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal warming refers to a clear and constant increase in the temperature of the earth’s climate. Scientists agreed that there are several reasons caused the global warming. For example, human activities, such as mining, industry and agriculture contributed to release the carbon from soil. Soil is rich in precipitated carbon content it saved thousands years ago, and green house effect. United Nations held many conferences to discuss global warming, control it and eliminate it, many decisions madeRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Warming1430 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming in the United Stated Global warming is no longer just a prediction it is actually happening. It is undisputed that the average temperature at the surface of Earth has increased over the past century by 1 degree Fahrenheit, with both the air and the oceans warming. Since 1880, when people in many locations first began to keep temperature records, the 25 warmest years have all occurred within the last 28 years. The problem is that if we keep on hurting our own environment and ecosystems

Engineer do to improve environment Free Essays

It is estimated that the world oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. On the other hand, solar energy is infinite 4. Example: Changing Airport and KALI designed to fully used the solar energy Main point 2 : Reduce the uses of chlorofluorocarbons (CUFF) and reduce the energy consumption. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineer do to improve environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Past: most cooling device like refrigerator and air conditioner using CUFF 2. Effect : destroy the Ozone layer in the atmosphere 3. Now: upgrade of the air conditioner and refrigerator without using CUFF and less energy consumption. 4. Main point 3: The uses of biodegradable item 1 . More technologically advanced 2. Produce materials ; withstand extreme temperatures, durable and easy to use 3. Biodegradable products are those that can be decomposed by microbes and other natural biological processes 4. 80% vegetable starch and 20% of vegetable oil 5. Biodegradable items are useful in reducing the amount of waste in landfills Plastic bags 10-20 years Soft plastic (bottle). How to cite Engineer do to improve environment, Papers

Romance free essay sample

Who would think that listening to hip hop music one would be influenced to live, think, and act a certain way? Joan Moorings Fly Girls, blotches, and hoes: Notes of a Hip Hop feminist, argues that the rampant sexism and machismo in hip hop music Is the fault of both African American men and women and damages the larger African community. She compares hip hop music to an abusive relationship. She states that hip hop music is the only way in which young black men are allowed to hide and express their pain. She believes that black men are engaged in war and, racism and white power structure have conditioned black men to believe the enemy is brown. She states that for most black men there is no trust, no community, and no family. She believes that hip hop is the mirror in which brothers see themselves. She states that black women are hurt when they hear black men calling them pitches and hoes. We will write a custom essay sample on Romance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She states that in the last thirty years the number of two-parent household has decreased from 70 to 38 percent. She says that the cause of death among black men ages fifteen to twenty-four Is homicide.The hip hop community creates sexism and schisms In the African American community because of the way hip hop artist dress, what they say and how they behave. Most hip hop performers dress In a very provocative way. Rap artist ill Kim want to the Grammar award wearing a purple sequence dress with one of her breast out covering the nipple with a piece of fabric. The men wear pants that expose their underwear and private area. The women wear short skirt and tight pants. They also wear half shirts with their bra showing and, cleavage hanging out. By dressing in a sexual way it makes the black community think that it is okay.In some of the hip hop songs the artist talks about expensive clothes. In the videos they show woman wearing tight clothes. The woman in these videos encourages young girls to dress like them. When these girls dress like the woman In the video they become poplar. While becoming poplar they gain friends and dress In style. Joan Morgan says weve all been recipients of the competitive way when Lung for male attention (5). This shows that woman dont have self-love for who they are. Most of hip hop songs encourage the use of improper English. Salt Shaker by Ill Jon amp: Stateside Boys states, Shasta crank on the floor wide openOcean Skeet so much they call her Billy Roll like an eighteen wheeler That hoe fine but this hoe a killer Shake it like a salt shaker She leaked, shes soaking wet In hip hop music slang are used. Some of the slang used are disks, hood rat, billing, blitz, silent, and grind. The slang that rappers use has become a language In the African American community. They use this slang because they dont want other races to know what they are talking about. Using slang make the black community more acceptable among there pears. With slang makes It easy for them to communicate with each other without sounding nerdy.By using improper English it Not only does improper English affect their ability to communicate but it will also affect the young children in school. Joan Morgan says, my feminism places the black community on its list of priorities (2). This shows that as a community things need to change. Hip hop music encourages deviant behavior. A deviant person behaves in a way that is not acceptable. Hip hop music encourages sex. In most hip hop music men talk about how big women breast and butt are. They also talk about going to bed with them. In the music videos there are scenes where there are men and women in bed half naked.

Chimpanzee Politics Essay Example

Chimpanzee Politics Essay Chimpanzee Politics by Frans de Waal chronicles a colony of 23 chimpanzees who live in an outdoor, open-air space at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands. Of these 23 chimpanzees there are four males: Yeroen, Luit, Nikkie and Dandy. The colony also consists of three female subgroups, the largest made up of Mama, Gorilla, Franje, Amber and three children, Moniek, Roosje and Fons. The second largest subgroup includes Krom, Spin, Jimmie and her two sons Jakie and Jonas. And the third female subgroup consists of Tepel, and her two children Tarzan and Wouter. Puist is also considered part of Tepel’s subgroup. Even though she usually associates more with the males than with the females and children, there is an exception when it comes to Tarzan and Wouter, to whom Puist plays an aunt-like role. There are three remaining females, Oor, Zwart and Henny, but they play a rather small role in this particular book. Throughout Chimpanzee Politics, de Waal attempts to explain the social organization of chimpanzees. A benefit of being able to observe these primates in such a facility is that fieldworkers are able to see the animals on a regular basis, witnessing the countless social interactions that take place. De Waal notes that much of the research on chimpanzees has been done through observations in their wild habitat, and although â€Å"these observations are extremely important it is impossible to follow social processes in every detail in the jungle [Researchers] will not fail to note the results of social changes, but they will often be ignorant of the causes† (p. 4). Thus, with a space in which researchers can watch the animals daily, the more we are able to understand the social dynamics of the chimpanzees. Frans de Waal conducted his research by means of observations. He monitored the chimpanzees’ behavior, their relationships, their habits. He divided his studies into categories to emphasize main themes and key components within this culture: personalities, power takeovers, restless stability, sexual privileges and social mechanisms. The social relationships between chimpanzees are constantly changing, and are mostly categorized within and across genders (i. e. , male/male, male/female, female/female). As to be expected, interactions between males are far different than those between females. We will write a custom essay sample on Chimpanzee Politics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chimpanzee Politics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chimpanzee Politics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Relationships between males seem to center around the ideas of sex and power. De Waal frequently discusses the role of intimidation and submission with males. Males commonly use intimidation as a means to dominate, such as with bluff displays. During a bluff display a chimpanzee’s hair will stand on end while they stomp and grunt. These displays serve to create a sort of superiority over another male, and sometimes result in conflict, yet it is rare that chimpanzees actually fight. The author describes the males’ quarrels as â€Å"controlled fighting. † They only bite extremities, usually a finger or a foot, and less frequently a shoulder or the head Since this is virtually the only way the males fight each other, they cannot be out to prove their respective physical strengths. The crucial factor is their capacity to fight effectively within the rules. A male must be able to get his hands and feet quickly out of the way, and he must equally quickly be able to sei ze hold of his opponent’s hand or foot† (p. 104) In times of tension grooming is a common practice, and differences are often pacified by kissing or even licking each other’s wounds. Males also practice submission to dominance with â€Å"greetings† (and females also practice this, as well), which de Waal describes as â€Å"no more than a sequence of short, panting grunts known as pant-grunting,† which is commonly accompanied by a series of bows (p. 78). These greetings may be taken even further by the dominant male by performing a bluff-over, in which â€Å"the dominant ape steps or leaps over the ‘greeter’ [while] the submissive ape ducks and puts his arms up to protect his head† (p. 78). These displays are commonly performed by lower-ranking males or females as a show of compliance to a high-ranking male, more specifically the alpha male. Furthermore, it emphasizes the hierarchy between males. In Chimpanzee Politics we learn of the power struggle surrounding Yeroen, Luit and Nikkie. At the start of de Waal’s research, Mama actually held the leadership position, until her and Gorilla were removed from the colony for three months, at which point Yeroen became the alpha male. However, with time Luit slowly started to take over the leadership role. It began when Luit openly mated with Spin in close proximity to Yeroen, something that is usually not tolerated by the alpha male. Then Luit and Nikkie formed a coalition. Nikkie supported Luit and they worked together to dethrone Yeroen. As a result of separating interventions, Yeroen’s ties with the females slowly deteriorated and he became isolated, ultimately losing his power. Yeroen reacted with tantrums, screaming and kicking, an apparent sign of desperation. As time passed, power shifted once again. After Luit attacked Nikkie on a few occasions, their collaboration ultimately ended, and both Nikkie and Yeroen became less submissive toward Luit. Tensions between Nikkie and Luit increased, and therefore resulted in frequent grooming sessions. Eventually, Nikkie and Yeroen displayed a bold gesture of unity. â€Å"When Nikkie began to display Yeroen usually went and stood close behind him, wrapped his arms around his waist, pressed his lower belly against Nikkie’s bottom and hooted gently. This gesture is called ‘mounting,’ and it certainly originates from a sexual act ut has no sexual significance Nikkie and Yeroen literally formed a closed front. † (p. 126) In time, Nikkie became the new alpha male, but it was rather short-lived. Based on his actions, the keeper decided Nikkie was not prepared to fill such a role, and he was removed from the colony for the rest of the season. While Nikkie was gone, Luit regained his dominance, but only to be broken upon Nikkie’s arrival when once again he formed a coalition with Yeroen. Power continued to shift through the years, but in the end, Nikkie takes on the leadership position. However, unlike Luit and Yeroen who had been lone leaders, Nikkie shared his role with Yeroen, whose duty was to keep order and peace. The female chimpanzees also play a highly influential role when it comes to the success of a dominant male. As with Yeroen, without the support of the females, a male risks isolation and loss of power. In a population such as this, the females have more political influence. They will defend certain males, aiding in the rise to power, or simply to protect. For example, consider this situation when Luit is trapped in a tree, cornered by Nikkie and Yeroen: Nikkie and Yeroen climb up toward where Luit is sitting. Luit has no option but to fight back, because he cannot escape. Nikkie and Yeroen grab hold of him and bite him, but this unequal struggle does not last long, because the highest-ranking females band together and quickly follow Luit’s attackers up into the tree. Yeroen is bitten by both Mama and Puist. Mama then drags Yeroen out of the tre e and chases him Puist stays in the tree and, together with Gorilla, launches an attack on Nikkie† (p. 129) As highlighted by this passage, females can provide critical conflict support. Shortly after this episode Nikkie was removed, but this example shows how females interact with the males. Males often run to females for comfort, reassurance, and protection, because often females will band together to defend against a male, as we see in the above situation. Females also serve to as mediators between male conflict. De Waal provides one example by discussing how one female chimpanzee presented herself to a male, and as he followed her she slowly approached his opponent. Both males began to groom her and eventually she left, leaving the males to groom each other and therefore mollified tension (p. 07). Male and female relationships also have a sense of reciprocity. Females want a safe environment to raise their offspring, and males offer protection mothers and their children, and in exchange females offer support or grant sexual privileges. Relationships between females are generally less confrontational, conflicts are far more rare. Although they do have a hierarchy, it differs from that of the males in that it stays stable for years, and rather than being determined by physical superiority, female’s are ranked by personality and age (p. 178). In this colony, Mama is at the top of the female hierarchy, followed by Puist and Gorilla. Females often form strong bonds together, and therefore help each other against male aggression. The females in a particular subgroup watch over each other’s children and support one another. For example, Amber has a special attachment to Mama’s daughter, Moniek, and helps care for Mama care for her. Unlike males, who use interventions as a way to gain power, females carry out sympathy-biased interventions in which they defend family and close friends (p. 191). One of the most fascinating observations that Frans de Waal made is the chimpanzees’ ability to strategize. As the alpha male, Nikkie utilized the strategy of divide and rule. He kept interactions between Yeroen and Luit limited, and frequently intervened in order to prevent them from forming a coalition that could threaten Nikkie’s leadership. This proves that chimpanzees are aware of not only their own relationships, but of the relationships of others, as well. The same strategic intelligence can be noted with Yeroen, who seemed to demonstrate the ability to rationalize. Yeroen deliberately formed a coalition with Nikkie instead of Luit, Yeroen was aware the Luit had no use for him, but Nikkie however would grow to depend on Yeroen, and together they would dethrone Luit and Yeroen would still maintain a high-ranking role in the colony. This shows the chimpanzees’ future-oriented behavior, â€Å"this ability to consider a remote goal and weight the consequences of a choice that could explain why a male, such as Yeroen, formed the alliance that ultimately offered the best prospects† (p. 186). Strategizing is of course not limited to just males, the females strategize as well, but use it for different purposes. The females strategize to create a secure environment, the often partake in sexual bargaining with males as a way to get what they want, such as protection of their children. Despite the many conflicts discussed in Chimpanzee Politics, chimpanzees also work together, collaborating to achieve a goal. One chimpanzee will hold a branch steady while another gathers branches, and males often let females to take things right from their hands. â€Å"Chimpanzee males are surprisingly generous when it comes to material things Their control rests on giving. They give protection to anyone who is threatened and receive respect and support in return† (p. 99). This book is filled with implications of human behavior, the most notable being the ability to strategize, their capacity to weigh options, predict future outcomes and apply a plan to reach a goal. The whole concept of reciprocity within this colony of apes also hints at human behavior, the idea of doing something to gain something, w hether it be through coalitions, nonintervention alliances, sexual bargaining or reconciliation blackmail (p. 200). Although humans may not use these exact tactics, we do apply the same notions of reciprocity. This exhibits the acute awareness the chimpanzees have of their own surroundings and relationships. One example in particular emphasizes the way a male chimp will shift his attitude with the intention of reaching a certain goal. Luit, for example, upon the dethronement of Yeroen, Luit changed his aim to stabilizing his new role (p. 117). During conflicts, Luit would support the more disadvantaged individual, and commonly intervened in quarrels so as to preserve tranquility and safety among the group. De Waal astutely pointed out that the chimpanzees’ â€Å"interest in power is not greaer than that of humanity; it is just more obvious† (p. 08). By writing this book, Frans de Waal aimed to create a connection between apes and humans. His explanation of the complex social patterns that exist amongst a colony of apes in a zoo showed that chimpanzees possess a keen thought process that grants them the ability to carry out certain tasks that were previously believed to be uni que to humans. This research provides insight into the reasoning behind the chimpanzees’ actions, their motives. The rationale behind such behavior emphasize that it is not just instinct that drives them, but intelligence.

Shelley essays

Shelley essays The Romantic Period, which lasted about 45 years, gave birth to a new genre of literature, political thought, and it began a new era of history. Many authors contributed to the new ideals that characterize The Romantic Period. One author in particular was Percy Shelley who had written during The Romantic Period. The romantic ideals and characteristics can be found in the writings of Shelley. One of the ideologies of The Romantic Period was the creativity of the imagination, and Shelleys writings are littered with examples of this ideology. One example of this is in Shelleys poem To Sidmouth and Castlereagh, in this poem Shelley refers to these men as Two vipers tangled into one (20). Through this description Shelley indicates what he thinks of these two men by attributing non-human characteristics to them, and thus gives an example of the use of Shelleys imagination. Another example of Shelley giving humans non-human characteristics is in the poem Ode to the West Wind in which Shelley gives himself these characteristics as What if my leaves are falling like its own! (58) Also in the poem The flower that smiles today, Shelley gives a flower positive human characteristic, The flower that smiles today. (1) Even in the poem O World, O Life, O Time, Shelley imagines that he must deal with the challenges that each brings to him, O World, O Life, O Time, On whose last ste ps I climb. (1-2) It can be seen that Shelleys imagination provided him with a strong basis for his writings. Another characteristic of The Romantic Period that is seen in Shelleys writings is the theme of the supernatural. The mention of gods, death, or characters of myth are present throughout Shelleys works. An example of the supernatural in Shelleys poems is in the poem Alastor ...

Challenges and complexities faced by the expatriate manager when Essay

Challenges and complexities faced by the expatriate manager when managing across cultures - Essay Example Here it is time to mention that globalization brought a lot of difficulties together with opportunities, as diversity at the workplace demands new approaches to be used in human resource management. Nowadays much attention is paid to challenges and complexities faced by the expatriate manager when managing across culture. The issue is worth-discussing, thus the given paper is devoted to discussion of the main problems the manager may face and the strategies, which can be used to help him. The paper will prove that correct management and the awareness about the cultural peculiarities can help managing across culture. The movie â€Å"Outsourced† will be used as a case study to analyze the issue. It is not an easy task to manage across cultures. However, proper human resource management can help (Spataro, 2005). Correct management can help the company define beneficial approaches and find its place at the market. It is necessary each member of the company should understand his/he r functions and significance. In the modern world the organizations are anxious about the diversity issue at the workplace. The main task of the managers is to create the best environment for work, which should be based on the confidence and respect. The organization should not only take care about the working environment but also value workers’ rights. ... Global companies are beneficial for workers, as they can communicate with the representatives of other cultures; it is favorable for them in terms of developing their communicative skills and broadening the outlook. â€Å"When an organization acknowledges differences among its workforce, it can manage its employees in such a way as to create harmony in work practices and higher standards of cooperation. First, it is about understanding differences in these characteristics within an organization, and second it is about acknowledging these differences. And last, it is about developing work practices to create an inclusive environment† (McLauren). Undoubtedly, many problems can arise. One of such problem is cultural shock and difficulties in communication (Rowden, 2000). In the movie â€Å"Outsourced† Todd faced a problem of diversity. Diversity is the synonym to the word â€Å"difference†. In the modern world this term acquires much wider meaning as it is commonly used to define the workers of the company, who are different and possess unique qualities (Spreitzer, 2007). Such differences demand corresponding changes the way the company is managed. These changes are essential as the diversity creates many problems, which need to be resolved by the manager in to work successfully. In the movie â€Å"Outsourced† Todd has to manage people with quite different cultural views and first of all he has to tolerate the differences that is not an easy task. Here it is essential to mention the world â€Å"tolerance†. This term is applied to multinational companies and as a rule it has a negative meaning. The trouble is that in such staffs the employees tend not to respect each other, but rather to tolerate, because of

Putnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Putnam - Essay Example I do believe that people still talk of divorce "in an almost pious reverence", but this I believe is bound to change since divorce is continuously becoming so common. The time will come when divorce will be talked about openly and sadly will be seen as a normal day-to-day happening in society. Putnam based his claims on the fact that he feels he still can depend on his parents although he gets to spend time with them separately. He has found resolution in his family's situation of which he has quaintly expressed when he wrote that "The safest environment for me was to be with one happy parent at a time, instead of two miserable ones all the time." I find the discussions in his essay convincing and supportive on his claim on what the divorce of his parents has done for him. He was able to present negative implications of the divorce and at the same time presented a clear understanding and acceptance of his living situation "with two houses to call home." 4.) Putnam has several warrants, some of them stated explicitly and some implied.

Factors Affecting Contrast In An Xray Image Health Essay

Factors Affecting Contrast In An Xray Image Health Essay To test resolution, a line pair guage is used. To measure MTF in an x-ray system, the sine wave equivalent of a line pair gauge is used. The closest distinguishable pair of cycles determines the best MTF, it is quoted in cycles per mm [2]. A common way to express the system resolution is to quote the frequency where the MTF is reduced to either 3%, 5% or 10% of the original height [3]. MTF and spatial frequency are related by MTF curves. Examples of MTF curves are given below; Mammography System: Fig 2: MTF curve for a mammography system [4]. Chest Radiography System: Fig 3: MTF curve for a typical chest X-ray. Three different detector types are indicated on the plot [5]. Fluoroscopy System: Fig 4: MTF curve for a Fluoroscopy system with plots shown for individual components of the imaging process. The film and the optics have excellent resolution. The MTF of the imge intensifier is shown to have a limiting resolution of approximately 4.8 cycles/mm. The TV camera is the worst in the series, it limits the MTF of the overall image during live fluoroscopy and videotaped imaging. [6] Question 2: Contrast is the variation in brightness or optical density across an image. Factors affecting contrast in an x-ray image include the tube output, or the kVp. This is a measure of the energy of the x-ray beam leaving the x-ray tube and passing through the patient to form an image. X-rays with higher kVp can penetrate deeper into materials. In an image with the correct kVp bone is white and soft tissues and air are gray/black. If the kVp is too high, the x-rays will pass through even dense bone, creating an image that is mostly black with indistinguishable features [7]. The opposite occurs when a kVp which is too low is used. The most suitable kVp depends on the feature under investigation. Also among the factors affecting the image contrast is the patient. The density, the atomic number Z and the thickness of the part of the patient being imaged. Denser tissue, tissue with higher Z or tissue of a greater thickness results in lighter areas on the image because they have blocked the x-r ay from exposing the image receptor. Variation in contrast occurs because tissues in the body attenuate x-rays differently. The human eye can percieve a difference of approximately 2% in contrast between adjacent areas [8]. The final influence on image contrast to be discussed here is the image receptor. In film imaging, the contrast of the resultant image depends on the sensitivity of the film used. To produce an image with the correct contrast, a film with corrresponding sensitivity must be chosen before imaging. In digital imaging, there is no fixed sensitivity. It has the advantage of being able to record the full range of exposures and digital processing after imaging can be used to improve the contrast in the image. Image contrast can be evaluated using a densiometer. This device emits light of a known energy. The light is reflected back from the image and detected by the densitometer. The difference in energy between emitted and detected light is used to compute the optical density (blackness) in that area. Since contrast is the variation in optical density, this method can be used to survey the contrast in the image. Question 3: The following description is based on an article from the NDT database [9]. Spatial resolution of an x-ray system is limitied by the size of the focal spot. Fourier analysis can be used to calculate the focal spot size. X-rays are passed through a test object with a known pattern. This test object is placed between the x-ray source and detector, the arrangement is shown in the figure below. The focal spot of the x-ray is not assumed to be point-like, as the detector is moved away from the source, the detected focal spot appears larger. Blurring of the image by the detector is included, this blurring is related to the point spread funtion (psf) of the detector. Otherwise, an ideal detector is assumed. Image deterioration due to noise is also factored into the description. Fig 5: Setup for determing the focal spot size. The X-ray source, the flat object, and the intensity distribution measured at the detector system lie in different planes for which different coordinate systems with the variables (x, y), (x, y) and (x, y) respectively, are used. This is done in order to include magnification effects in the calculations. The measurement of the x-ray transmission, t, is derived mathematically. This is done by convolving the intensity distribution of the focal spot f with the transmission profile of the flat object g and the detector point spread function d. Also, t is deteriorated by noise, which is taken into consideration by addition of a noise term n to the result of the convolution. In order to take into account the geometrical magnification, V, of the setup, these functions are represented in one of these planes (here the plane of the detector), whereby the physical magnification effects of the setup were observed before the convolution is accomplished, this is shown in the second part of the equation below. The magnification is the distance between the source and the detector system divided by the distance between the source and the object. The Convolution Theorem states that the Fourier transform of a convolution is the product of the Fourier transforms. Conversely, the Fourier transform of a product is the convolution of the Fourier transforms. Using the above equation, a deconvolution of t with gâ‚ ¬Ã‚  (â‚ ¬Ã‚  d yields an estimate of f. In a technique like this, a suitable test object is measured. The resulting image corresponds to a convolution of the test object with the intensity distribution of the focal spot and other factors. Information on the focal spot is derived from this measurement using knowledge on the test object and other influencing values which means that the convolution process is undone to a certain extent. Also, with the presented method an arbitrary two dimensional intensity distribution can be measured, regardless of shape. According to the convolution theorem, a convolution in the spatial domain corresponds to a point-by-point multiplication in the corresponding Fourier domain. Furthermore, according to the addition theorem, an addition in the spatial domain corresponds to an addition in the corresponding Fourier domain. (Note: lower case letters represent functions and upper case letters represent the Fourier transforms of the equivalent functions.) The initial equation now becomes; At certain spatial frequencies | N | can be significantly higher than| F Æ’-â‚ ¬Ã‚  P |. At these spatial frequencies division of T by P mainly increases noise and deteriorates the image quality. This is due to the fact, that information on F is lost at these spatial frequencies. For that reason, independently of the deconvolution method applied, all spatial frequencies which are contained with high intensity in | F | should be contained with high intensity in |P| in order that | FÆ’- P | is significantly larger than | N |. This means that the test object (in combination with the detector imaging properties) should contain the major spatial frequencies which are required to describe the focal spot with sufficient intensity. In this case F can be restored well at these spatial frequencies, which yields a good estimate of f. Question 4: Using a bar phantom similar to that used for determining resolution can lead to an error determining the focal spot size. This is because the line pairs are aligned in one direction only. For accurate measurement of the focal spot size, many images with the bar phantom at different angles would be necessary [10]. To overcome this problem, a star phantom is used. This is a disc of alternating Lead spokes and x-ray transparent material. At a particular diameter of the focal spot the image of the spokes blurs, i.e., adjacent spokes cannot be distinguished from each other. The diameter of the blur is an indication of the focal spot size [11]. Fig 6: Star pattern for testing focal spot size [12] Question 5: 5a. The most obvious parts of a CT scanner are the moving patient table and the gantry or tube. Conventional projection radiography is limited because it collapses 3D objects onto 2D images. CT has a rotating system of emission and detection and so it can give accurate 3D diagnostic information about the distribution of structures inside the body. Inside the gantry there is the X-ray tube, x-ray detectors and slip-rings. The X-ray beam is collimated and radiates in a fan-beam shape. The x-ray emitter and detectors rotate in the gantry to measure projections that form an image that is a slice though the body. There are brushes around the rotating slip-rings to transmit signals. In CT, the linear attenuation coefficient, ÃŽÂ ¼ is measured. This tells how much intensity is lost as the beam travels through the medium. This distribution of ÃŽÂ ¼ is the basis of image formation. There are two distinct motions of the x-ray beam relative to the patients body during CT imaging. One motion i s the scanning of the beam around the body. The other motion is the movement of the beam along the length of the body.   This is achieved by moving the body through the beam as it is rotating around Fig 7: External appearance of a CT scanner. [13] Fig 8: Basic schematic of the construction of a CT scanner. Fig 9: CT image quality and electromechanical acceptance tests. The Priority column indicates which of the tests are the most important. [14] 5b. CT images are formed by multiple intersecting projections. This is illustrated in the figure on the left. In the bottom right section, it is seen that the combination of the projections causes blurring in the final image. The blurring goes as 1/r, i.e., it is proportional to the distance from the centre point. The 2D Fourier transform of 1/r is 1/à Ã‚ . Since the inverse of 1/à Ã‚  is |à Ã‚ |, it is possible to compute the 2D Fourier Transform of the blurred image, multiply the Fourier transform of the resultant image by |à Ã‚ | and the calculate the inverse Fourier transform to obtain a sharper image [15]. Fig 10: On the left, unfiltered back projections and on the right, filtered back projections. The conversion is done in the spatial domain by convolving the projection with the IFT of |à Ã‚ |. Fig 11: The mathematics of the image reconstruction process, can be expressed compactly in the above equation, where the terms have been grouped to reflect the filtered-back-projection approach [15]. 5c. The fundamental system performance indicators are CT number, resolution, noise, and patient dose.26 The accuracy of CT numbers is measured by scanning a water-filled phantom at least monthly. The CT number for water should be zero over a 20-cm-diameter phantom, with a variation of less than 1 CT number. Deviation from the expected CT number of 0 for water at any energy is adjusted by applying a correction factor for the pixel value. Constancy of the value should be monitored with a daily scan. An overall check of system performance is obtained from semiannual measurements of CT image noise, defined as the standard deviation of CT numbers in a region of interest. Constancy of performance is checked by evaluation of the standard deviation in the daily water scan mentioned previously. Resolution is measured by scanning phantoms on a monthly basis. Of particular importance is low contrast resolution, which is a sensitive indicator of changes in component performance as they affect noise. Patient dose is evaluated semiannually. Specially designed ionization chambers provide measurements from which the dose may be calculated for the exposure conditions (narrow beam, variable slice thickness) used in CT. The values should agree with manufacturers specifications to within 20%. [hendee]

Did the Nazis solve Germany’s economic problems from 1933 to 1939?

Between 1933 and 1939 Germany suffered economic problems. The main economic problems were Germany was dependent on the foreign market and the imports, the industrial production, unemployment, the cost of living and wages. Hitler and the Nazis tried to solve the problems, they were successful but there were hidden factors to each solution. Firstly unemployment was a problem because it had risen to over six million by 1933 and that was 25. 9% of the country. With people out of work the standards of living dropped. By 1939 Hitler had reduced the number of unemployed, it was now just above three hundred thousand, which was 0. 5% of the country and thanks to one of Hitler's schemes to reduce unemployment, new roads had been built. Hitler reduced unemployment by introducing the autobahn scheme, which created many jobs for men as the Nazis were aiming to build over 7000 km of road. Hitler also continued with the national labour service, which became compulsory for German men between 18-25 years old. The men had to work on public works schemes such as land reclamation, tree planting, construction and road building. The schemes seemed to work, removing thousands of young men from the unemployment figures. The schemes appeared to be working but the results were that the unemployment figures hid a lot, such as the impact on women and Jews. The loss of rights for workers because trade unions were banned. There was no negotiation of wages and there was no right to strike. The national labour service was temporary and there was low wages for those who joined. The autobahn was actually part of war plans. The next problem was that Germany was too dependent on the foreign market and its imports. Hitler felt that Germany was too reliant on the foreign imports, which he felt made Germany to venerable and Hitler wanted to stop the need for the foreign market. Hitler's solution to this problem was â€Å"Autarky†. Autarky was the creation of artificial substitutes (using ersatz) for products such as oil, textiles, food and rubber. The effect of Autarky was ersatz materials. These were developed, produced and ordered. The increase of ersatz made Germany more self reliant but it was still not totally reliant, as Germany continued to import 33% of its raw materials and 17% of its food. The result of Autarky was ersatz was a complete failure because they were inferior products. Ersatz contributed to the decrease in living standards for German people. The third problem was the industrial production of Germany. Due to high unemployment, many factories were closed down. This meant that production was at a low level and by 1933 the production of goods ad fallen by a third since 1929. Between 1933 and 1939 the production in heavy industry increased largely. Coal and chemical production doubled, oil, iron and steel production trebled and iron ore extract production increased by five fold. Consumer goods were not as important so they were produced at a slower rate. Hitler managed to increase production by firstly introducing autarky. By doing this it enabled the country to become more self sufficient for wartime production. Hitler began rearmament, which opened up job opportunities both in the factories and the army. Rearmament helped to reduce unemployment levels. Hitler's other solution was to increase working hours. In 1933 on average, per week, working hours were 42. 9 but had increased to 47. 0 in 1939. This meant that production increased. The result of Hitler's solutions was Germany became more likely to start war. The next problem was the issue with wages. The problem was that because of the high unemployment, employers had lots of people wanting jobs, so they could offer low wages and people would have to accept them. This lead to the working class not having a very high standard of life. Hitler's solution was to get rid of local and national wage rates and introduce performance principle. This scheme meant that the more work a person did the more money they earned. The effect was that the real value of take home pay increased and longer working days let people gain more money. The positive result of Hitler's solutions was that the quality of life got a little bit better for a majority of the working class. The negative results of Hitler's solution were it didn't suit older people and less fit people, as they could not work as long as others. Sickness and absenteeism increased meaning people didn't earn money. Longer working days and hours meant people do not have much energy to work and trade unions were taken away, which gave the people little rights. The last problem was the cost of living. The problem was that everyday items were too expensive because of the average pay; there was not enough money. Hitler did nothing about this problem because he wanted to keep the support from the farmers. The effect from this problem was the cost of living in 1939 had increased since 1933. All basic groceries, except fish had risen in price. This was because food items were in short supply and it was the Nazis policy to discourage agricultural production because it had to keep up prices for the benefit of farmers. The result was the standard of living was very low for most Germans, mainly the working class. Hitler did manage to solve most of Germanys economical problems but it was not entirely down to Hitler and the Nazis. Before Hitler can chancellor in the early 30's, the Weimar government was in power and this was during the 1920's depression. After the 1920's depression, the German economy was starting to recover, the worst of the depression was over, unemployment was decreasing and inflation was going back to a suitable amount. With the economy going back to normal the Weimar government started to set up new schemes to help solve all the problems. The Weimar government set up the national labour service, but Hitler improved it by making it compulsory to join in 1935 and the Weimar government also came up with the autobahn idea but lack of money in the 20's meant it could not go ahead but in 1934 Hitler had enough money to start the construction of the autobahn. So although it may have seemed that Hitler came up with these ideas and solved the economical problems he didn't, he made the Weimar governments ideas better because he had the money to do so. When Hitler was came into power there was a worldwide recovery happening after the depression and in Germany. This factor led to an increase in production, which helped solve one of the economical problems in the early 30's in Germany. Hitler's solution did bring about some improvements such as the fall in unemployment, new roads and German citizens having a slightly better quality of life, but there were a lot of hidden and negative factors to these improvements. Women could not work nor the Jewish, so there standard of living dropped, a lot of the improvements were for the war effort, not the country, the autobahn, rearming and conscription were part of the war effort and trade unions were abolished meaning workers had no or very little rights. This was all part of Hitler's plan for dictatorship. Another factor was most of these solutions were not long term and Hitler hadn't really thought about the consequences because the standard of living was still going down, there was still food being imported and the working hours were getting longer.

On the Sidewalk Bleeding Monuloge Essay

All I feel is the excruciating pain entering my aching body. The irritation and agony makes me feel defenceless. I have a multitude of varied thoughts racing through my confused mind. As I am helplessly laying on the cold, wet concrete, with the rain drilling down on me, I am thinking if this is how I am going to die, my life over at the age of just 16. I can think back and faintly remember someone saying, â€Å"that’s for you royal!† and just thinking to myself, if I was not wearing this stupid jacket that I once thought was so important, I perchance wouldn’t have even been in this discomforting situation. All I can do at this point is helplessly lay here praying for someone to find me. Then finally I take a great effort and look over to the end of the street though the rain blurring my vision and see the bright neon lights of a vehicle binding me. I feel a massive relief, I see two figures coming toward me I try to yell again but they seem to just be talking to each other. I want to get their attention but all the sound I can make is the bubbling of blood filing my mouth, as if I am drowning in my own vital fluid. It sounds like the grunt of an animal and that’s the only sound I am capable of making in this state. I start to panic because the people aren’t recognising that I am there, after I tak e all my energy and frustration to get their attention they look at me for a little then they mutter to each other, I can’t understand much they are mumbling about. I just feel powerless hoping he will make the right decision and just get a cop or hep me. He looks at me, my cut body and the rain soaking my purple royals jacket. He sympathetically says, â€Å"Sorry royal,† and walks away. At this very moment I feel frustrated, overwhelmingly confused with anger and abundance. Is it that big of a deal that I am a royal? I am not just a royal, I am Andy. I feel drastically judged and labelled. Right now I will do anything and everything I am physically capable of just to take this jacket off, the only thing that jacket ever did to me was rob me of my life.

Ethical Codes Across Cultures Ethics - 774 Words

Ethical Codes Across Cultures According to Abiodun and Oyeniyi (2010), ethics addresses issues of good and bad and with moral issues and duties. Ethics sets rules of conduct in place in the hopes of providing guidelines for human behaviors focused on the preservation of a society. In the United States, National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) has put instruction or guides specific to restriction for legislators in relation to restrictions on gifts from lobbyists to legislators. Some states are more specific and prohibit gift giving with exceptions. This writer is of the opinion, the exceptions are where the â€Å"S† is taken out of stretch. I will use the example of Washington, DC council member Michael Brown, who pled guilty to bribery that totaled $55,000. According to NCLS, money and or gifts in excess of $100 value should not be given and or solicited by/to any registrant or anyone acting on behalf of a registrant should give any unauthorized contribution. In essence, if the money is to influence and or gain an advantage of the legislator it is in violation. The lack of adequate disclosure for a public campaign solidifies the act as unethical and unlawful. In the case of Mr. Brown, he disguised money given to him from businessmen who wanted to be guaranteed federal contracts, a direct violation of DC campaign finance law (Press Release, 2013). 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